{"product_id":"europe-1859-9783110792843","title":"Europe, 1859","description":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1859, Charles Baudelaire is writing the poetry and criticism of the new urban cultural and social world which would make him described by a number of historians as the first modern. Indeed, it is he who coined the term ‘modernity’. In the east, Ivan Turgenev with \u003cem\u003eOn the Eve\u003c\/em\u003e begins reflections about Russia and modernity which would result in his next novel, set in 1859, \u003cem\u003eFathers and Sons\u003c\/em\u003e. The latter still resonates today. In Switzerland, Jacob Burckhardt is inventing the Renaissance as a means of understanding what is happening in his own time. Indeed, we never talked about a Renaissance until Burckhardt published his \u003cem\u003eThe\u003c\/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eCivilization of the Renaissance in Italy\u003c\/em\u003e in 1860, something he wrote in order to better understand his own times. In the West, several important and central works of European culture are being written in England by both British writers and exiles. Marx is researching \u003cem\u003eDas Capital\u003c\/em\u003e and writing \u003cem\u003eA Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy\u003c\/em\u003e. Mazzini is writing his major work on modern nationalism, \u003cem\u003eThe Duties of Man\u003c\/em\u003e, just as Italy is beginning its decade of unification and the European map is beginning a period of extraordinary change. John Stuart Mill published his \u003cem\u003eOn Liberty\u003c\/em\u003e in early 1859, still the work that is the modern ground of democratic ideas dealing with the relationship between liberty and authority. And in November 1859 one of the dozen or so most influential works of all of European history and science, one that shattered many pre-modern concepts, \u003cem\u003eThe Origin of Species\u003c\/em\u003e, was published by Charles Darwin. \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe thinkers who were prominent at the time were, in a full sense, public intellectuals. Their works were read, debated, applauded, feared, defended and scorned in the public forums, what philosophers sometimes called the marketplace. \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was in 1859 that modernity, the world as we now know it, gets confronted and encountered. As a result concepts and ideas we still use, then new, get thought about and become part of the public discourse. From this point on, the dialogue is forever transformed. \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Arthur Haberman","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48262536167675,"sku":"9783110792843","price":134.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0779\/3917\/9771\/files\/CoreSourceHub_f6ece93d-45ec-4158-bcc8-cdb6f2175a18.jpg?v=1778449123","url":"https:\/\/indiepubs.com\/products\/europe-1859-9783110792843","provider":"IndiePubs","version":"1.0","type":"link"}