{"product_id":"ibn-hawqals-kitab-surat-al-ard-9789004258761","title":"Ibn Ḥawqal’s Kitāb Ṣūrat al-arḍ","description":"This is the second edition by J.H. Kramers of the Arabic text of Ibn Ḥawqal’s \u003ci\u003eKitāb Ṣūrat al-arḍ\u003c\/i\u003e, the first BGA edition of which was published in 1873. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe journeys of \u003cb\u003eAbū l-Qāsim Ibn Ḥawqal\u003c\/b\u003e, who might have been a merchant, took him to North Africa, Spain and the southern edge of the Sahara (947-51), Egypt, Armenia and Azerbaijan (c. 955), the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, Khuzistan, and Iran (961-69), Khwarazm and Transoxania (c. 969), and Sicily (973). By about 988 CE the final version of Ibn Ḥawqal’s \u003ci\u003eKitāb Ṣūrat al-arḍ\u003c\/i\u003e was ready. It is effectively both a continuation and an update of al-Iṣṭakhrī’s \u003ci\u003eKitāb al-Masālik wa l-mamālik\u003c\/i\u003e and is also known under that same title. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eIbn Ḥawqal\u003c\/b\u003e transformed what was meant as a commentary on a series of maps into a work in its own right, which also included remarks on various countries or peoples bordering on the Islamic world, e.g. the Turks, the Khazars, the towns of southern Italy, the Sudanese and the Nubians. Although he owed much to al-Iṣṭakhrī’s work, \u003cb\u003eIbn Ḥawqal\u003c\/b\u003e aimed to place the text firmly within his own period. He took great care to depict a region precisely in the state and at the date that he himself had seen it, with occasional references to the distant or more recent past. This is particularly true of the notes on economic matters, which form a complete break with convention. \u003cb\u003eIbn Ḥawqal\u003c\/b\u003e was the only Arab geographer of the period who really sketched a vivid picture of production.\u003cbr\u003e","brand":"J.H. Kramers","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48310329442555,"sku":"9789004258761","price":67.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0779\/3917\/9771\/files\/9789004258761.jpg?v=1772491190","url":"https:\/\/indiepubs.com\/products\/ibn-hawqals-kitab-surat-al-ard-9789004258761","provider":"IndiePubs","version":"1.0","type":"link"}