Women smallholder farmers across the globe play pivotal roles in enhancing global food security by contributing to food production, accessibility, stability and utilisation. These roles lack sufficient recognition in global food policies and are hindered by prevailing structural gender inequalities. These constraints are rooted in restrictive gender norms, disparities in access to and control over productive and complementary resources, disproportionate allocation of domestic responsibilities and limited agency. They collectively undermine the full potential of women’s contributions to sustainable food security. Challenging the discriminatory norms that weaken women’s capacities to produce and purchase sufficient and nutritious food requires targeted strategies to promote gender equality and empower women to achieve improved food security outcomes at the household, community and global levels. Accessing data from global datasets about women's contributions and challenges offers the necessary evidence to support their crucial role in attaining food security.

This chapter provides an overview of soil biology, health and ecosystem services. The authors present an update on previous work by integrating the chemical and physical components of soil health with that of the biologically mediated processes and further define how environmental conditions may contribute. To achieve this, four soil function cognitive models have been developed: (1) Carbon and Climate Regulation, 2) Nutrient Cycling, 3) Water Regulation and Filtration and 4) Habitat Provision for Biodiversity. The four cognitive models offer a structured way to integrate biodiversity into soil health assessments, alongside chemical, physical and environmental parameters, ensuring that biological indicators are given appropriate weight in evaluation frameworks.

This chapter describes the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) Crop Modeling ecosystem, its origin, advancements in model capabilities, addition of models for new crops, examples of model simulations of genetic improvement, and tools for data entry, calibration, analysis, and applications. Examples of model applications are given with emphasis on genetic improvement especially under the impacts of climate change.

Cereals are challenged by many fungal and bacterial diseases, some of which can be most destructive, threatening food security and, when considering mycotoxin accumulation, also food safety. The application of antifungal and antibacterial chemicals, the development of resistant varieties and culturing methods have been used to contain the various diseases were until recent sufficient. However, resistance breaking, pathogen insensitivity toward chemical protection, and the banning of pesticides due to environmental and health concerns have turned things in favor of the pathogens. More emphasis will therefore be put on integrated pest management approaches, in which biological control may play an important role. This chapter discusses the application of biological entities and the responsible mechanisms to protect cereals against pathogenic fungi and bacteria, some of which were already discussed and applied well before the time of chemical pesticides, and their problems with respect to efficacy and durability.

The oomycete Pythium oligandrum is a soil-inhabiting mycoparasite of both fungi and oomycetes, and colonizes the root ecosystems of diverse plants to induce defense responses against pathogens. Based on the multiple advantages of P. oligandrum in plant disease control, which is non-toxic and environmentally friendly, and provides additional plant growth benefits. P. oligandrum has served as an important biological control agent (BCA) for plant disease control and has been widely and successfully used in agricultural production and ecosystem management. In this chapter, we primarily summarize the application of P. oligandrum as a BCA in controlling plant diseases caused by fungal, oomycete, and bacterial pathogens, and highlight approaches taken to identify and apply plant immunity-inducing proteins from P. oligandrum in inducing plant resistance against several plant diseases. We conclude with recommendations for the most urgent future research directions needed to address the efficient utilization of P. oligandrum and in disease control.