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This volume comprises twenty papers originally presented at the 4th Meeting of the EURO (Association of European Operational Research Societies) held in Newcastle. The topics covered at the conference included: traffic assignment; estimation of origin-destination flows; traffic modelling; traffic management and control; transport network analysis and design; transportation planning methods; routing and scheduling; and ITS applications. Bringing together academics, consultants and civil servants with a shared interest in the application of Operational Research techniques for solving transport problems, this collection addresses key recent developments in the theory and applications of transportation science, particularly those based on OR methods such as optimisation, mathematical programming, stimulation, and artificial intelligence.

This book is a new chapter in the continuing focus of the International Steering Committee for Travel Survey Conferences (ISCTSC) on maintaining and improving the quality of data collection in transport surveys. The papers extend discourse on broad topic areas that have been addressed by the ISCTSC in previous conferences, provide an update on travel survey initiatives currently under way in many countries, and offer a glimpse into the future in the form of changing contexts, new topics, new technologies, and new standards from around the world, with an emphasis on standards and future research directions.This book is not a conference proceedings, but was derived from papers that were a part of the 7th International Conference on Travel Survey Methods, held at Playa Herradura, Costa Rica, during August 2004. All of the chapters were reviewed by three referees and only those papers that achieved the highest ratings were selected for inclusion in this book. The conference covered both passenger and freight transport, and focused on surveys that collect information directly from individuals or organisations (that is, it excluded traffic counts or other observational data collection). Delegates attended from North, Central, and South America, Europe, Asia, Australasia and Africa, so there was a keen interest in examining applicability of standards and looking at needed future research in regions outside of the North American/Western European context. This content extends discourse on existing topics, provides an update on current travel survey initiatives, and reflects on the future of the discipline. This book is derived from papers that were a part of the 7th International Conference on Travel Survey Methods. Authors come from diverse backgrounds throughout the world.

What makes trust such a powerful concept? Is it merely that in trust the whole range of social forces that we know play together? Or is it that trust involves a peculiar element beyond those we can account for? While trust is an attractive and evocative concept that has gained increasing popularity across the social sciences, it remains elusive, its many facets and applications obscuring a clear overall vision of its essence. In this book, Guido Mollering reviews a broad range of trust research and extracts three main perspectives adopted in the literature for understanding trust. Accordingly, trust is presented as a matter of reason, routine or reflexivity. While all these perspectives contribute something to our understanding of trust, Mollering shows that they imply, but cannot explain, suspension the leap of faith that is typical of trust. He, therefore, proposes a new direction in trust research that builds on existing perspectives but places the suspension of uncertainty and vulnerability at the heart of the concept of trust. Beyond a purely theoretical line of argument, the author discusses implications for empirical studies of trust and presents original case material that captures the experience of trust in terms of reason, routine, reflexivity and suspension. Mollering concludes by suggesting how the new approach can enhance the relevance of trust research and its contributions to broader research agendas concerning the constitution of positive expectations in the face of prevalent uncertainty and change at various levels in our economies and societies. The book is essential reading for anyone who wants to gain a thorough understanding of trust. It can serve as a general introduction for advanced students and scholars in the social sciences, especially in economics, sociology, psychology and management. For more experienced researchers, it is a challenging and provocative critique of the field and a new approach to understanding trust. It provides a detailed examination of trust as a social concept; argues that trust can be a matter of reason, routine, or reflexivity; and discusses theoretical aspects of trust but addresses practical applications as well.

Pension systems in most industrialised countries are unfunded, i.e. they are pay-as-you-go financed and thus depend on a well-balanced ratio (old) recipients to (young) contributors. This so-called dependency ratio will worsen significantly in the next few decades due to two developments: ageing of the population and increased labour mobility. This book analyses the viability of unfunded pension systems in the presence of the projected demographic evolution. The analysis focuses on questions concerning: efficiency considerations and the possibility of welfare improvements; political economy aspects and the feasibility of reforms, and; the process of European integration and its influence on national pension systems. The theoretical analysis is complemented in numerous ways by quantitative parts and institutional details. The consequences of the demographic crisis for the distribution of the pension burden within and across generations and in an international context are illustrated with respect to the specific situation in Germany and other European countries. It is shown for different settings of political power distribution and for different degrees of mobility what would happen without any reforms and what could and should be done to guarantee the survival of old-age security based on a fair sharing of the pension burden. Neither explosion nor erosion is the inevitable fate of unfunded pension systems. But to avoid either happening, fundamental reforms are necessary as soon as possible which loosen at least partially the intergenerational dependencies and thus reduce the pressure from the changing population structure on old-age security.

The volume aims to produce an updated collection of advanced theories and methods in the field of urban policies, and highlights modern urban policies that stem from them. Contributions stress the limits of previous theories and methods, and emphasize the new directions that are developed in the field, and barriers that are overcome, providing in this way a dynamic perspective on theoretical and methodological knowledge in the field of urban economics. Urban policies, as well as practical problems envisaged in our modern cities, that take advantage from this theoretical development are stressed.

The damaging environmental impact of urban transport, as recognised by the Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, is a worsening global problem that needs to be tackled with local solutions. At the same time, urban transport has been causing serious local environmental problems, particularly in developing countries. This book was commissioned with the aim of helping to develop solutions by sharing experience from around the world. Four extensive chapters by leading researchers give an overview of the problem, analyse structures and trends in urban transportation, list the various ways transport affects the environment, and critically review the whole range of policy countermeasures available. The second half of the volume is given over to a uniquely valuable collection of case studies of 21 metropolises, carefully selected to provide a cross-section of different types of city from across the developing and developed world. The relevant characteristics of these cities are systematically described: socio-economic background; local condition of transport and the environment; policy planning, implementation, and evaluation, all with concrete examples. Key data are then presented in charts with a common structure to facilitate comparisons between cities.

Although all religions and cultures preach the gospel and virtues of peace, the history of mankind is the history of war and peace; millions have perished in international and domestic conflicts, and many wars have been fought on behalf of those same religions and people who call for peace around the world. During the 20th century, at the height of human civilization, we have seen two world wars and many devastating region conflicts. Although the last two decades have seen a prevalence of domestic, rather than international conflict, these have been as vicious and as destructive as any other war. Further, we are still facing the threat of nuclear confrontation, and a new kind of war - the war on terror - is also taking place.Although there is widespread desire for peace, there is no sustained advocacy of it by our political and cultural leaders. Citizens the world over have become more insecure because of international and domestic conflicts, genocide, terrorism, drug and criminal activities, weapons of mass destruction, pandemic threats of infectious diseases like Aids and HIV, natural disasters, poverty, resource constraints, climate change, threats to the international financial system, and much else. All these are interrelated at some level. In the name of international and domestic security, billions of dollars are wasted on unproductive military spending in both developed and developing countries, when millions are starving and living without basic human needs.This book contains a number of original articles relating to military spending, military industrial establishments, peace keeping, terrorism, environmental security and democratic peace, prepared by leading scholars in the field. Since we are living in a globalized world, global security rather than national security is the relevant issue. Global security must be consistent with and complimentary to a basic human security, which preserves freedom from threats to people's rights and safety. Because peace is not just the absence of violence. It is related to all the above issues - the socio-economic, political and physical environment of the world. Making this clear is the focus of the book.