Estimates are that 15 percent of agricultural production costs are energy related. The best way to lower these costs and cut energy consumption is by becoming energy smart. This chapter highlights energy-efficient lighting, considers potential of novel UV technology, acknowledges ventilation advances, and notes challenges to agricultural sustainability and food security. Various lighting sources exist but LEDs have moved to the forefront. Livestock (particularly poultry) and greenhouse/controlled environment agriculture operations are reviewed, as these operations see huge benefits from energy efficiency lighting/ventilation systems. Energy savings and transitioning to LEDs are discussed along with dimming issues that affect LED lamps. Novel ultraviolet light and its use in water treatment and food processing as well as its future potential in other areas is also considered. Finally, agricultural sustainability and the role of women in agriculture is addressed along with the challenges of poverty and food insecurity facing smallholder farmers around the world.