This chapter reviews advances in monitoring emotions and affective states in cattle. It begins by examining animal emotion and how these can be stimulated as a response to the environment they are living in. It then goes on to focus on visual communication in cattle, specifically highlighting how cattle respond to pain and human-animal interactions and how ear posture changes can indicate different forms of communication. A section on how vocalisation is considered an important feature of communication is also provided, followed by a review of how cardiac activity can be a good indicator of stress and welfare. The chapter also reviews how mood assessment can also be used to understand emotional experiences in cattle.