New nutrient management strategies aim to enhance fertilizer use efficiency in rice ecologies beyond what can be achieved by following blanket nutrient management recommendations formulated for small regions with similar climates. The emphasis is on moving to real-time and site-specific nutrient management. This chapter reviews these nutrient management strategies for rice production. We evaluate non-invasive optical methods for working out the nitrogen (N) needs of crops which are already in the field. We then consider controlled-release N fertilizers and urease and nitrification inhibitors to curb losses of applied N from the soil–plant system. Finally, we review deep placement of N fertilizers and integrated nutrient management of organic nutrient sources and mineral fertilizers.