Recent research has shown the importance of both cultivation practices and environmental factors in determining the yield and quality of rice crops. These aspects of rice production are increasingly important given the need to develop sustainable production techniques which will provide food security despite a changing climate. This chapter begins by considering the effects of cultivation practices such as sowing, transplantation and harvesting dates, irrigation and fertilizer application on rice production. It then discusses the effects of elevated temperatures, elevated atmospheric levels of CO2 and O3, and water availability. Changes in yield, milling performance and appearance, nutritional quality and cooking properties are all reviewed. Organic rice cultivation is then considered as an effective, sustainable technique for producing high-quality rice..