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Barriers of Belief

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Muslims face barriers in labour markets across Western democracies, but how severe are these penalties and do they vary by national or local context? Comparing the latest census data across Muslim...
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  • 13 October 2026
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Muslims face barriers in labour markets across Western democracies, but how severe are these penalties and do they vary by national or local context?

Comparing the latest census data across Muslim communities, majority populations and other religious minorities from the UK, Australia and Canada, stark patterns are revealed of inequality in hiring, unemployment, earnings and overqualification associated with Muslim identity. It exposes how inequality is compounded by race and gender, creating distinct disadvantages, particularly for Muslim women.

The book is essential, timely reading for policy makers, researchers and practitioners committed to understanding and dismantling labour market discrimination in diverse societies.

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Price: $134.95
Pages: 272
Publisher: Bristol University Press
Imprint: Bristol University Press
Publication Date: 13 October 2026
ISBN: 9781529258820
Format: Hardcover
BISACs: BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Labor / General, Labour / income economics, BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Diversity & Inclusion, RELIGION / Islam / General, Religious intolerance, persecution and conflict, Diversity, equality, equity and inclusion in the workplace
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Nabil Khattab is Professor of Sociology at the Doha Institute for Graduate Studies. His research examines labour market inequality, migration, religion, and education, with extensive comparative work on Muslim minorities in Western societies.

Introduction

Part I

1. Understanding the Muslim Penalty: Theoretical Considerations

2. Muslims and Migration in the UK, Canada, and Australia: A Historical and Demographic Overview

Part II

3. Patterns and Trends in Labour Force Participation

4. Unemployment: A Comparative Analysis of the Muslim Penalty

Part III

5. Occupational Integration or Closure? Securing Salaried Positions

6. Religion and Wage Inequality

Part IV

7. When Credentials Aren’t Enough: Overqualification as an Invisible Penalty among Muslims in the West

8. Precarious Employment in Context: How Religion, Ethnicity and National Context Shape Labour Market Insecurity

Part V

9. Comparative Perspectives on the Muslim Penalty: Synthesis and Conclusions