Recounting the genocide perpetrated by Leopold II in the Congo Free State from 1885 to 1908, this book demonstrates how the actions arose out of greed, under the guise of philanthropy and Christianisation. Today, the same is happening.

For three decades, armed conflicts between the government and armed groups have been supported by external state and non-state actors. This second genocide has almost claimed more than 10 million lives, is equally economically motivated: the DRC possesses 70% of the world’s cobalt reserves supplying essential minerals to the global digital industry. The author reflects on the sufferings, past and current, of the Congolese to categorise this in terms of criminal offences.

This book is indispensable for the awareness of future diplomats, international civil servants, world leaders, researchers and practitioners, helping them to build solid theoretical knowledge and practical skills in this field, particularly regarding the crime of genocide.