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Reminders of death were everywhere in the New World, from the epidemics that devastated Indian populations and the mortality of slaves working the Caribbean sugar cane fields to the unfamiliar diseases that afflicted Europeans in the Chesapeake and West Indies. According to historian Erik R. Seeman, when Indians, Africans, and Europeans encountered one another, they could not ignore the similarities in their approaches to death. All of these groups believed in an afterlife to which the soul or spirit traveled after death. As a result all felt that corpses—the earthly vessels for the soul or spirit—should be treated with respect, and all mourned the dead with commemorative rituals. Seeman argues that deathways facilitated communication among peoples otherwise divided by language and custom. They observed, asked questions about, and sometimes even participated in their counterparts' rituals.
At the same time, insofar as New World interactions were largely exploitative, the communication facilitated by parallel deathways was often used to influence or gain advantage over one's rivals. In Virginia, for example, John Smith used his knowledge of Powhatan deathways to impress the local Indians with his abilities as a healer as part of his campaign to demonstrate the superiority of English culture. Likewise, in the 1610-1614 war between Indians and English, the Powhatans mutilated English corpses because they knew this act would horrify their enemies.
Told in a series of engrossing narratives, Death in the New World is a landmark study that offers a fresh perspective on the dynamics of cross-cultural encounters and their larger ramifications in the Atlantic world.
"This book offers a broad compendium of early American deathways; it is the most complete and comprehensive treatment of the subject. But it can also be read as a synthetic account of the history of colonial America itself; readers will learn much of the essential story of North American colonization."
"A meticulous study. . . . Seeman skillfully reveals how people with different languages, religions, and cultures learned to speak through the symbolism of death."
"[Death in the New World] serves as an excellent introduction to comparative burial and mourning practices and to the ways in which written, archaeological, and ethnographic evidence can be employed to elucidate cross-cultural exchanges. It is a sophisticated interdisciplinary study that weaves together multiple strands of evidence; historians, historical archaeologists, anthropologists, and material culture specialists are all likely to discover relevant but unfamiliar findings Seeman has gleaned from related disciplines. The book also advances cogent arguments about cultural continuities and discontinuities, syncretism, and the relationship between direction and degree of change in burial practices and power relationships."
"Through an imaginative use of sources and an engaging narrative, Erik Seeman has produced what is sure to become an influential book in early American history. By situating death at the center of an analysis of cross-cultural interactions in the New World, Seeman sheds new light on important questions in current historiography."
List of Illustrations
Introduction: Ways of Dying, Ways of Living
Chapter 1. Old Worlds of Death
Chapter 2. First Encounters
Chapter 3. Burial and Disinterment in the Chesapeake
Chapter 4. Holy Bones and Beautiful Deaths in New France
Chapter 5. Grave Missions: Christianizing Death in New England
Chapter 6. Across the Waters: African American Deathways
Chapter 7. Crossing Boundaries, Keeping Faith: Jewish Deathways
Chapter 8. Burial and Condolence in the Seven Years' War
Conclusion: Ways of Living, Ways of Dying
Notes
Index
Acknowledgments