This chapter presents recent developments in milk quality monitoring technologies, with a particular emphasis on the integration of real-time spectroscopic analysis into automated milking systems (AMS). It reviews both scientific advancements and commercially available solutions, highlighting the growing role of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in assessing milk composition at high frequency and resolution. Special attention is given to quarter-level measurements, which provide more precise diagnostics of udder health and enable early detection of subclinical mastitis. The combination of spectroscopic data with auxiliary sensor inputs—such as electrical conductivity, temperature, and flow—enhances monitoring accuracy and supports individualized herd management. Studies evaluating multi-sensor systems demonstrate improvements in predictive performance and operational efficiency. Additionally, the chapter discusses how real-time sensing can optimize sampling strategies, guide targeted laboratory testing, and support on-farm milk segregation. Together, these innovations are helping reshape dairy systems toward more data-driven, sustainable, and animal-centric production models.