This book examines the political economy of natural resource extraction in the Global South across production and social reproduction. Building on a fieldwork which stretched over six years, the book argues that natural resource extraction in the agrarian South is a multi-dimensional development strategy, whose holistic analysis necessitates attention to (i) the significance of the natural resource in question for macro development plans and global value chains, (ii) the formation of the classes of extractive labour across production and social reproduction, (iii) gender division of labour within rural extractive households and rural labour markets, and (iv) labour process and control strategies in the spheres of production and social reproduction.