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Facing Discrimination
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01 December 2025

Across Europe, racialised groups and other minorities are often subject to discriminatory policies and practices. Facing Discrimination offers insight into the dynamics of religious beliefs and practices among those who are discriminated against, showing how religion as a source of agency interacts with processes of marginalization. Six micro-level studies from Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands examine stigmatised groups and individuals, analysing how religious involvement in its multiple forms and interpretations, affects the capacity to respond to exclusion and shape the acceptance or rejection of imposed categories.
“This book addresses an important topic...the contributions are of high quality and provide analyses that are sophisticated and nuanced.” • Avi Astor, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
“This is a very interesting book with lots of rich material and relevant arguments. It offers an interesting perspective for the ways people respond to situations of discrimination and oppression.” • Julia Martínez Ariño, University of Groningen
Johanna M. Lems is Assistant Professor in the Department of Linguistics and Oriental Studies at the Complutense University of Madrid. She is the secretary of the academic journal Anaquel de Estudios Árabes. She has published among others in Ethnic and Racial Studies and The Routledge Handbook on Islam and Race (Abdullah, 2025) and is the author of Tomar la palabra. Islamofobia y participación política después del 15-M (Vernon Press, 2024).
List of Illustrations
Introduction
Johanna M. Lems and Ana I. Planet Contreras
Chapter 1. Between Presence and a Non-presence: Visibility, Transparency and Practices of Opacity among Dutch Muslims in the Public Sphere
Martijn de Koning
Chapter 2. Alternative Standpoint Religion: Producing Religious Agencies in the LGBT+ Christian Association of Madrid
José Barrera Blanco
Chapter 3. Modern Charity: Citizenship, Gender and Islam in Portugal
Raquel Carvalheira
Chapter 4. Sexuality, Migration and Religion: Migrated Gay Men Living in Madrid
Rafael Camarero Montesinos
Chapter 5. ‘Life Is a Battlefield’: Spiritual Warfare as a Trans-Semiotic and Trans-Sensory Negotiation in an African Neo-Pentecostal Church in Madrid
Michele Cunico
Chapter 6. Creating Change from Within: Young Muslim Women and Agency in Transformation
Johanna M. Lems
Conclusion
Johanna M. Lems and Ana I. Planet Contreras
Index