These essays discuss how historians write history and the difficulties they face when they do so. They use political, diplomatic, and military events during twenty years of Fascist rule in Italy to show that selection and interpretation of sources leads to radically different accounts of the same event based on the same sources. They argue differences in selection and treatment of sources is due to reasons ranging from a historian’s personal beliefs and training to application of a particular methodology. They are intended to offer the reader a better understanding of the historical literature on Fascist Italy—the historiography in the title—and the problems inherent in the use of theories and models—the methodology in the title.