Antonio Gramsci’s time in revolutionary Russia is one of the most neglected and misunderstood, but pivotal, periods of his life. The current volume provides new research on this formative period, detailing Gramsci’s intense engagement with early Soviet leaders and explaining the importance of this for understanding his subsequent work. The book provides the first translations of archival material covering Gramsci’s visits to Russia, some of which is published for the first time. It also includes important contextual materials, which are crucial in understanding the development of the concepts he employs in the famous Prison Notebooks.