Volume XXXIV of The Italian Yearbook of International Law opens with a monographic section covering various aspects of the structure, activities, and functions of the United Nations on the occasion of its eightieth anniversary. It includes contributions on: i) coalitions and divides in international law-making within the UN; ii) the binding settlement of inter-State disputes; iii) the relationship between the UN and the International Criminal Court; iv) the role of the UN in shaping the notion of peace; v) the protection of human rights; vi) the promotion of environmental protection; vii) membership and representation in UN specialised agencies. The Volume further contains timely scholarly contributions on the hierarchical rank of treaties in the Italian legal order; the definition of piracy; the new challenges for international cooperation in healthcare; recent notable rulings by the European Court of Human Rights involving Italy as the respondent (J. Paul Getty Trust and Cannavacciuolo cases); the notorious Italy-Albania Protocol on co-operation in migratory issues. As in every volume, a section on the Practice of International Courts and Tribunals is included, featuring scholarly pieces that thoroughly address specific key questions, such as the early effects of recent ICSID rules amendments, as well as a section on the most recent Italian Practice Relating to International Law. The remaining part of the Volume contains a bibliographical index of Italian international law scholarship published in 2024, a book review section, and an analytical index. Published with the contributions of SIMEST and ENI.