"Gio Ponti recognized the brilliance of James Leonard's designs in 1948, and Peter Wyeth has done us all a great service in bringing him and ESA back into the spotlight. While in recent years there have been a number of studies of avant-garde pre-war furniture in Britain, there has been almost nothing on the post-war era when design and industry combined to build in volume. Wyeth traces the extraordinary evolution of Leonard and the ESA from their Arts & Crafts heritage to their cutting-edge use of aluminum injection-casting and plywood with which they furnished over 80% of schools and the welfare state. As children most of us sat, however unknowingly, in one of his X200 chairs; now we can appreciate them.” —Harry Charrington, Professor of Architecture, University of Westminster, London, UK

"Again, filmmaker, writer and researcher Peter Wyeth surprises us by unveiling the story of another unsung hero. The designer and engineer James Leonard can be described as the English version of the French constructer Jean Prouvé, whom he met in 1946 to discuss joint projects. Until this book, Leonard’s story was unknown even to specialists. It is told here with profound insight and knowledge and throws a searchlight on the extraordinary contrast between his successful million-selling school chair (X200), made from postwar surplus aluminum, and the astonishing design of the X202 armchair. This die-cast aluminum wonder, of beautiful design, was cast in two highly-complex side castings, a new technique as used during World War II in the construction of the Mosquito fighter/bomber. Leonard developed the use of this method for his most advanced chair, of which no surviving example is known, but whose existence is proven in catalogue photographs as the very finest example of forging ploughshares from swords." —Burkhardt Rukschcio, author Adolf Loos: Leben und Werk, Eileen Gray furniture restorer, Jean Prouvé restorer

"The life and work of James Leonard, and his boss Johnny Appleton, presents a remarkable example of design creativity and entrepreneurial initiative that deserves to be far more widely known and celebrated. Their innovations in school furniture, as well as the ESA's pivotal role in the education supply industry, stand as conspicuous outliers in the narrative of Britain’s post-war recovery. Specifically, the mass production of the unique X200 chair contrasts sharply with the conventional history of modern chair design as a succession of exclusive and expensive classics. Peter Wyeth’s tenacious research in exhuming this enthralling story will now restore the name of James Leonard to its proper place in the pantheon of modern furniture design." —John Allan: Chairman, The Isokon Gallery Trust, former Director of Avanti Architects, author of Revaluing Modern Architecture and Berthold Lubetkin

Peter Wyeth is an award-winning filmmaker in both documentary and fiction and the author of several books. The Lost Architecture of Jean Welz (DoppelHouse 2022) was named a Best Art Book of the Year by Hyperallergic. Peter Wyeth has been making films since the 1970s, including several with the Arts Council of Great Britain, one of which about a modernist block of flats in London, inspired by Hokusai (12 Views of Kensal House) was runner-up for best documentary of the year (Grierson Award). He started a film magazine North by North West, and in 1994 directed The Diary of Arthur Crew Inman, based on the 17-million-word, longest diary in America and named a London Times “Film of the Week.” From 1999–2003, Wyeth was head of the film school at University of the Arts London, where he taught for ten years and set up the student channel Xplore.tv. His short film Pane won a Turner Classic Movies award in 2003. His book The Matter of Vision: Affective Neurobiology and Cinema (Indiana University Press 2015 and John Libbey Media in the UK), and over the past twelve years he has written over 30  articles on architecture and design for The Modernist magazine. He lives between Paris and London.

Foreword and Introduction

Art & Industry

1. The Art: of James Leonard: against all odds

2. The Industry: The factory and James Leonard

3. Johnny Appleton and John Leonard

4. The X202: The best chair in the world?

Battles

5. The politics of design: The Society of Industrial Artists and James Leonard.

6. Fielding’s Folly: The Mosquito and Geoffrey De Havilland

7. Drawing the Dead Horse: Aluminum as a risky choice of material.

8. Project X: Conception and planning

9. Deep Midwinter: 1947

Project X

10. Aluminum Furniture catalogue (1947/8)

11. The X200 chair: Most successful chair in British history

12. The X301 Master’s desk

13. The X103 stacking table

14. X+: The X100 desk and other desks

Design: Britain and the World

15. Pugin to Summers: Leonard and furniture design in Britain 1840-1947

16. Im-Prouve: Leonard and Appleton meet Prouvé, and the X103 copy

17. Aalto: pushing bent plywood to the limits

18. Project X meets the World: Ponti and Domus 1948

Downs & Ups

19. Not-the-X202: The wooden arm battle, the Appleton scandal, and the 1967 Composite PL80 chairs.

20. The Mystery of James Leonard: Two lives

21. Seven mysteries solved.

Addendum

Making a masterpiece: The X202 reborn

Notes

Bibliography

Index