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This chapter explores the key challenges in assessing the sustainability of alternative feed sources, with a particular focus on the use of life cycle assessment (LCA) methods for co-products used in animal nutrition. The chapter begins by defining alternative feed sources and co-products, situating them within the broader context of sustainable livestock production and their effect on the zootechnical performance of animals when replacing conventional feed ingredients. It then reviews the principles and stages of LCA, highlighting the unique methodological hurdles encountered when evaluating co-products. Subsequent sections delve into data and modeling issues, present a case study in a particular region (an alternative feed production system, and feed preparation) and highlight the implications of the modeling choices on the environmental footprint at these different stages. Finally, the chapter outlines emerging research needs and future directions for advancing robust, transparent, and actionable sustainability assessments in the evolving landscape of animal feed innovation.
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Alternative feed sources and co-products: definitions and context
- 3 Life cycle assessment in feed sustainability
- 4 Data and modeling issues
- 5 Case study: Corn transformed into ethanol, corn distillers dried grains with solubles and other co-products
- 6 Conclusion and future trends in research
- 7 Declaration of funding and conflict of interest
- 8 Where to look for further information
- 9 References