We divide our chapter into three major sections: 1) an overview of the recent past and predicted near future changes in climate at the national and regional scale in the U.S., and the impacts of this on crop-based agriculture, in particular the direct effect on soil, water, and major cash crops; 2) a case study that uses a crop and soil biogeochemical process-based model (SALUS; Basso et al. 2006, Basso & Ritchie 2015) to investigate potential responses of corn yield to continued trends in temperature and precipitation for the near future using adapted cultivar, and; 3) a summary of some of the incentives and payment mechanisms related to carbon markets, especially those that focus on agricultural product supply chains.