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Nemesis of Left Extremism examines the ideology of Naxalism in India with a focus on the factors, forces and dynamics which gave birth to it and sustained it for decades before rapidly moving towards extinction after 2014.
The book explains how the ideology of egalitarianism and the quest for realization of an exploitation-free society attracted both the educated elites in urban settings and the illiterate and the poor in remote rural India. The agrarian crisis in India and ideological divides within the global communist movement had an impact on the communist movement in India as well. The political parties and the Indian state kept on wavering on their position, blowing hot and cold as per political convenience, which allowed the Naxal movement to sustain itself. The growth and success of the market economy eventually dented its ideological moorings, and the Indian state combined welfarism, development and clear military intent to finally prevail over the Naxalites.
Sangit Kumar Ragi is a professor and the former Head of the Department of Political Science at the University of Delhi, India. He has authored over two dozen research articles and books, including the RSS and Gandhi: The Idea of India (2025).
Preface
List of Figures
Introduction
1 Chapter 1: Naxal Movement in India: a Theoretical Discourse
2 Chapter 2: Maoists Activities in India
3 Chapter 3: Political Economy of the Naxal Movement
4 Chapter 4: Recruitment of Cadres: Roping in Minors and Women
5 Chapter 5: Missionaries and the Naxal Movement in India: Is There Any Nexus between Them?
6 Chapter 6: Salwa Judum: People’s Movement against Naxals?
7 Chapter 7: Intellectuals’ Support of the Maoist Movement in India
8 Chapter 8: Maoists, Courts, and Salwa Judum
9 Chapter 9: National Human Rights Commission and Salwa Judum
10 Chapter 10: State and Political Response to the Maoists
11 Chapter 11: Tackling Left Extremism during Modi Regime
1 Naxal Movement in India: a Theoretical Discourse
1 Maoist Movement in India
2 Splits after Splits Marks the Revolutionary Movement
3 CPI (Maoist)
4 Towards Conclusion
2 Maoists Activities in India
1 Maoist Affected States and Areas
2 Organisation, Arms and Weapons, Leadership, Janata Darbar, Jan Adalat
3 Fighting against the Indian State
4 Naxals and Urban Areas
3 Political Economy of the Naxal Movement
1 Naxals Targeting Schools and Welfare Schemes
2 Emergence of Fake Naxals
3 NGOs Funding the Naxals
4 Maoist Directly into Business
5 Foreign Funding
6 Use of the Money by the Naxalites
7 Conclusion
4 Recruitment of Cadres: Roping in Minors and Women
1 Reasons for the Recruitment of the Children
2 Position of Women Cadre
5 Missionaries and the Naxal Movements in India: Is There Any Nexus between Them?
1 Maoist Not Targeting Missionaries
2 Missionaries at Work in Other Countries: Fuelling Fire and Conflicts
3 How Missionaries Support the Ultras?
6 Salwa Judum: People’s Movement against Naxals?
1 Origin of Salwa Judum
2 Salwa Judum Camps
3 Who Joined Salwa Judum and Why?
4 Salwa Judum: a Short-Lived Euphoria?
5 Campaign against Salwa Judum
7 Intellectuals’ Support of the Maoist Movement in India
1 Fact-Finding Reports: Facts or Bias Document?
8 Maoists, Courts, and Salwa Judum
9 National Human Rights Commission and Salwa Judum
1 Salwa Judum under Scrutiny: NHRC’s Observations
2 Ignoring Development
3 Cases of Rape against Salwa Judum
10 State and Political Response to the Maoists
1 Government Going Soft on Naxals: UPA I and UPA II
2 Government under UPA I
3 Political Parties and Naxals
4 Bihar
5 Chhattisgarh
6 Maharashtra
7 Conclusion
11 Tackling Left Extremism during Modi Regime
1 Naxalism in the 2000s—the Soft State and Silent Surge
2 NDA-I: Modi Government’s Response to Naxalism in First Phase
3 Modi 2.0: Phase II of Eliminating Naxalism
4 Modi 3.0: the Final Blow
5 Conclusion
Conclusion
Bibliography
Annex 1
Annex 2
Index