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Open Secrecy
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20 May 2025

Shadowy groups are increasingly capable of collective action. Using military-grade encryption, rerouting software, and cryptocurrencies, anonymous and pseudonymous actors can now communicate, solve problems, recruit members, and manage resources across multiple public and semipublic spaces. This swirling mix of secrecy and openness enables people to move through cyberspace like nomads with verifiable personas, which makes them impossible to stop.
Isak Ladegaard takes readers inside a dark, digital economy for banned drugs that has survived numerous police crackdowns, examines how activist software developers in China and other countries have maintained paths to the open internet, and documents how the American far right uses the same tools to sustain antisocial movements based on paranoia and hate. Timely and perceptive, Open Secrecy argues that although information technology enables mass surveillance, it also undermines state power by boosting groups that evade its rule. These dual forces of control and liberation are propelling us forward, with no one at the wheel.
— Journal of White Collar and Corporate Crime
"Ladegaard develops a thesis about the darker side of digitalization, something which is extensively documented, but sparsely theorized. . . . The work is timely and innovative. It is broad in scope, and I recommend it to all who wish to understand the disruptive potential of technology."
— Acta Sociologica
“Ladegaard’s work stands out for the range and depth of his data collection. . . . Since the seemingly siloed subcultures of online forums, trolls, and hackers spilled into the mainstream, we are still finding out how our social tools of identity, anonymity, privacy, and publicity have shifted.”
— London School of Economics Review
“The book expresses an unexplored technological determinism—that these illicit platforms are inevitable and unstoppable, at least by state and conventional corporate actors. . . . Highly recommended.”
— CHOICE Connect
"Compelling work. . . . After finishing it, readers are likely to reconsider the dynamics between the digital spaces they inhabit daily and the powers exercised by states and corporations."
— International Criminal Justice Review
List of Illustrations
Introduction
1. Invisible Forces of Liberation and Control
2. The Three Acts of the Information Age
I. Drug Trade on the Darknet
3. Illegal Markets Step Out of the Shadows
4. Crackdowns and Adaptations in the Digital Underworld
II. Fighting Censorship
5. Climbing the Great Firewall of China
6. Black Markets for Censorship Circumvention
III. The Digital Far Right
7. Deplatforming the Digital Far Right
8. The Digital Far Right's "Hate Focus"
9. Hyggelig Hate and the Mainstreaming of the Digital Far Right
Outro
10. Resisting Social Change
11. Embracing Ambiguity
Epilogue: The Digital Public Square Is Dead
Acknowledgments
Appendix: Case Selection and Data
Notes
Bibliography
Index