From the 16th century onwards, Zeybek groups could be found in western Turkey, operating as bandits and later as rebels. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Zeybek and their leaders, known as the Efe, were recognized as freedom fighters and wore a special fez wrapped in cloth and decorated with colorful needle-lace – the famous Efe Oya. Today, this needle lace is employed in Turkish folk art and provides inspiration for fashion designers. In this publication, the Efe Oya are being presented comprehensively for the first time, along with large-format illustrations. Several examples of the Efe Oya are reproduced in original size, including detailed descriptions of the materials and techniques used, as well as summaries of their history, characteristics and varied significance.

• First systematic analysis and description of the Efe Oya, Turkish needle lace for men
• Large-format color illustrations