This chapter describes major achievements in pest management in sugarcane agroecosystems based on applied research conducted in different countries. The focus of the chapter is on two major groups of pests: stalk borers (Lepidoptera) and white grubs (Coleoptera). Chapter sections address determination of crop losses, biological control using parasitoids and entomopathogens, push-pull strategies with the use of companion (or service) plants, agricultural practices and their influence on pest population dynamics, insecticide use and biosecurity. The chapter also discusses new tools for pest detection and management such as modeling, remote sensing and use of geographical information systems (GIS). The chapter looks ahead to future developments such as an integrated pest management system for pests of sugarcane.