Frontmatter 1
Contents 5
List of Photographs, Figures, and Maps 9
List of Tables 11
List of Abbreviations 13
Acknowledgements 15
1.1 Secessionist Conflict in "Western Togoland" 17
1.2 Research Puzzle & Goal 32
1.3 Argument & Approach 33
1.4 Relevance & Contribution 35
1.5 Outline 35
2.1.1 Antecedents: From Transitional to Structural Problems (1960-1970s) 38
2.1.2 The 1st Generation: Of 'Quasi' & 'Failed States' 38
2.1.3 The 2nd Generation: From Peace-Keeping to State-Building 45
2.1.4 The 3rd Generation: Colonial Reminiscence 48
2.1.5 The 4th Generation: The Local Turn 57
2.1.7 Postcolonial Security Studies 61
2.2.1 Origins of Trusteeship 67
2.2.2 The United Nations Trusteeship System & Security 72
2.3.1 State- & Nationhood 79
2.3.2 Security 87
2.4 Situating the Research Agenda 91
3.1.1 Internalist vs. Externalist Understanding 97
3.1.2 The Audience's Agency 98
3.1.3 Securitisation Theory? Or: How to Predict the Present 100
3.1.4 Historicisation of Security & Securitisation of History 102
3.1.5 Securitisation in a Postcolonial Reading 105
3.2 Paris School 110
3.3 Research Perspective 112
4. Methods 115
4.1.1 A Constructivist Study 115
4.1.2 A Qualitative & Comparative Study 117
4.2.1 Archives Visited 121
4.2.2 Challenge of Access & Supplementary Sources 124
4.2.3 Research Procedure & Evaluation 128
5.1.1 From 'Gold Coast' to 'Slave Coast' 132
5.1.2 Ewe Heterogeneity 133
5.1.3 The Emergence of 'Eweness 135
5.2.1 Drawing Borders & Conquest of the Hinterland 139
5.2.2 Exploitation & Modernization 141
5.2.3 Petitions as Anticolonial Resistance 143
5.3.1 Creation of the Mandates System 145
5.3.2 French & British Togoland under Mandate 158
6.1.1 Establishment of the United Nations Trusteeship System 169
6.1.2 The Instruments of International Supervision 172
6.2.1 Formation of the 'Ewe Parties' 179
6.2.2 Establishment of the Petition Procedure 182
6.3.1 The Accra Riots & the Special Branch 194
6.3.2 The Abidjan Troubles & the Service de Sûreté 202
6.4.1 New Restrictions for Petitions & Visiting Missions (1949) 204
6.4.2 The Anglo-French "Master Stroke" (1950) 217
6.4.3 From Ewe to Togoland Unification (1951) 226
6.5.1 After Vogan: Double Standard for Examining Petitions (1951) 239
6.5.2 Political Development under Security Surveillance (1952) 245
6.5.3 Securitising the French "Reign of Terror" (1952) 253
6.5.4 A Spectre haunts Africa - the Spectre of the "Red Menace" (1953) 262
6.6.1 "A New Type of Threat" (1954) 278
6.6.2 Action Plan & Internal Security Updates (1955) 290
6.6.3 The 3rd Visiting Mission (1955) 293
6.6.4 Anglo-French Arrangements for the Togoland Referenda (1955) 296
6.6.5 The British Togoland Referendum (1956) 301
6.7.1 Loi-Cadre & the Autonomous Republic of Togoland (1956) 304
6.7.2 The French Togoland Referendum (1956) 308
6.8.1 Securitising the Independence of French Togoland (1957) 326
6.8.2 The Parliamentary Election in French Togoland (1958) 338
6.8.3 Termination of Trusteeship & Independence 344
6.9.1 Repressive Tit-For-Tat (1960-1962) 354
6.9.2 Assassination of Olympio (1963) 362
6.9.3 Aftermath: Rise & Demise of The Togoland Liberation Movement 365
7.1 General Summary 367
7.2.1 Sub-Question 1: (In)Securitisation by the Administering Authorities 369
7.2.2 Sub-Question 2: Securitisation by the Petitioners 373
7.2.3 Sub-Question 3: The United Nations as an Audience of Securitisation 375
7.2.4 General Conclusion 377
7.3 Potentials, Limits, Outlook 380
Bibliography 383