Global forest plantation areas increased from 17.8 million hectares in 1980 to 278.0 million hectares in 2015, an increase of about 1,462.0% within 35 years. The tropical region recorded the highest increase of 8.17% between 2010 and 2015. Forest plantations contribute significantly in meeting the world’s growing demand for wood products and other ecosystem services. Despite their small extent (7% of global forest areas), about 50% of global industrial wood is sourced from forest plantations. This chapter examines key sustainability issues in tropical forest plantations to provide a more wholistic and multi-dimensional understanding of sustainability of the ecosystem. It discusses measures to improve sustainable tropical forest plantation management.