The studies collected in this volume focus on the interrelationship of New Testament and Ancient Judaism from three perspectives: How did New Testament authors relate to questions of Jewish Torah observance, such as circumcision and food laws? How did they interweave their writings with the Old Testament and other ancient Jewish writings? And how did anti-Jewish sentiments in early modern New Testament studies contribute to inherently anti-Jewish readings of New Testament texts, many of which have been challenged by more recent approaches? This volume seeks to contribute to a better understanding of ancient Judaism as an essential framework of New Testament discourses.