This English-language volume is an edited collection including several translations of articles from the 2008 and 2009 Chinese-language volumes of the Green Book of Population and Labor. In this second volume of the yearbook series, demographic scholar and economist Cai Fang offers policy guidance to the central government for an era of less favorable demographic circumstances than those experienced in the past. These papers consider how the Chinese economy can prosper despite a labor supply that is no longer “infinite,” and they propose ways that China might reap the benefits of a “second demographic dividend.”