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Two young gentry women meet by chance at a nunnery in Yangzhou, where they fall in love at first sight. After they exchange poetry and recognize each other’s literary talents, their emotional bond deepens. They conduct a mock wedding ceremony at the nunnery and hatch a plan to spend the rest of their lives together. Their schemes are stymied by a series of obstacles, but in the end the two women find an unlikely resolution—a ménage-à-trois marriage.
The Fragrant Companions is the most significant work of literature that portrays female same-sex love in the entire premodern Chinese tradition. Written in 1651 by Li Yu, one of the most inventive and irreverent literary figures of seventeenth-century China, this play is at once an unconventional romantic comedy, a barbed satire, and a sympathetic portrayal of love between women. It offers a sensitive portrait of the two women’s passion for each other, depicts their intellectual pursuits and resourcefulness, and celebrates their partial triumph over social convention. At the same time, Li caustically mocks the imperial examination system and deflates the idealized image of the male scholar.
The Fragrant Companions is both an indispensable source for students and scholars of gender and sexuality in premodern China and a compelling work of literature for all readers interested in China’s rich theatrical traditions.
— SE Kile, University of Michigan
This expert and highly readable translation takes readers into the world of Chinese opera by presenting a new classic, rich in literary quality, delightful in its panorama of life in seventeenth-century China, and unique in its portrayal of female same-sex romance. Li Yu is an author who deserves a worldwide readership, and this volume is a welcome addition to the growing corpus of translations of his works.
— Keith McMahon, author of Celestial Women: Imperial Wives and Concubines in China from Song to Qing
The Fragrant Companions epitomizes the premodern Chinese literary fantasy of utopian polygyny with a satirical twist. Desire between women is shown to be subversive even as it smooths the operation of a male-headed, polygamous union. Li Yu's wit fully comes alive in this elegant and entertaining translation.
— Tze-lan Deborah Sang, author of The Emerging Lesbian: Female Same-Sex Desire in Modern China
A wonderful and long-awaited addition to the world canon of queer literature! Beautifully and accessibly rendered with a view toward stage production, Roddy and Wang’s translation of Li Yu’s female same-sex love story The Fragrant Companions is sure to intrigue academics, undergraduates, general readers, and theater professionals alike.
— Patricia Sieber, coeditor of How to Read Chinese Drama
This felicitous translation of The Fragrant Companions, with a comprehensive introduction, makes Li Yu’s most popular play accessible and should inspire stagings of the play across the English-speaking world. A lively translation with strong scholarly underpinnings, it is a tremendous achievement.
— Sophie Volpp, author of The Substance of Fiction: Literary Objects in China, 1550–1775
Neatly dealing with both the passionate love between two intelligent and talented women and the Chinese examination-system, The Fragrant Companions is a rich and rewarding play that is approachable and yet also intriguingly different from much Western drama.
— M.A. Orthofer
Will be an important addition for students and scholars interested in queer studies, theater and performance studies, and Chinese literature and culture.
Li Yu (1611–1680) was a popular author, playwright, and theatrical impresario with a reputation for tales that tested social limits. He was born into a gentry family, but after the chaos of the Ming-Qing transition kept him from an official career, he became a commercially successful writer. Li’s works in English translation include A Couple of Soles: A Comic Play from Seventeenth-Century China (Columbia, 2019).
Stephen Roddy is a professor of languages, literatures, and cultures at the University of San Francisco.
Ying Wang is Felicia Gressitt Bock Professor of Asian Studies at Mount Holyoke College.
Introduction: Women in Love and the Business of Men in Li Yu’s Chuanqi Drama
Dramatis Personae
The Relationship Between Role Types and Characters
Note on Editions of Lianxiangban
List of Scenes
The Fragrant Companions
Appendix: Modes and Tunes
Notes
Selected Works on Li Yu and Same-Sex Love in Classical Chinese Fiction and Drama
Index