Assessments of sustainability of wheat production systems under climate change must eventually include projected impacts on pests, weeds and diseases. Generating these projections is challenging because of the various mechanisms by which climate change can influence prevalence and impacts of these biotic constraints on production are diverse, and data are limited. This chapter reviews the literature on the potential impact of climate change on principal insect pests of wheat, the different methods that have been employed to assess likely impacts, and the gaps in knowledge that exist. It suggests a research agenda to address these gaps.