This volume deals with norms relating to trade and price expressed in handbooks designed for the education of confessors or as aids in the confessional. Parts I and II trace the development of such norms from the earliest times to the Reformation. Some ninety penitential handbooks are analyzed, with biographical sketches of the authors. Part III provides a general overview of penitential trade and price doctrine with an emphasis on the late major Italian summas and compares this doctrine with secular economic thought in the Renaissance and later. The main contribution of this book to the history of thought is its examination of economic activity from the point of view of sin and penance as taught by the medieval Church.