Eggs are an affordable, accessible and nutrient-dense form of food, and as such make a valuable addition to human diet. This chapter begins by reviewing the nutrient composition of chicken eggs. It then considers the relationship between egg consumption and human health and disease. This includes reviewing current research on the connection between egg intake, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Eggs are also considered as part of a high-protein diet for the promotion of weight loss. Finally, some additional potential health benefits of eggs are briefly reviewed, and directions for future research are suggested.