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The Political Economy of Japanese and Chinese Infrastructure Financing Governance
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16 December 2025

This book explores the political economy of Chinese and Japanese infrastructure financing in Indonesia, examining how Chinese and Japanese actors utilize diverse modes including Official Development Assistant, commercial loans, export credits, business-to-business investments, and public–private partnerships to ensure profitability and manage risks.
Moving beyond traditional views of these financing modes as geoeconomic statecraft, the book exposes readers to a new perspective by situating infrastructure financing in the context of capitalist development. It reveals how contestation, conflicts, and compromise between socio-political forces including different segments of Japanese and Chinese capital, state actors, and civil society actors in Indonesia give shape to distinct modes of financing. Through detailed case studies and interviews across Japan, China and Indonesia, it uncovers the interplay between these forces and how their relations are sustained through regulatory complexes underpinning large-scale projects.
‘This book makes a major contribution to our understanding of states and development. Articulating and successfully deploying the concept of “regulatory complexes,” Trissia Wijaya takes us well beyond the important but routinized analyses of regulatory capture, providing a rich theoretical framework for analyzing the complex interactions between various actors involved in infrastructure financing. The book extends critical political economy perspectives, providing not only a compelling and detailed empirical analysis of the practices of Japanese and Chinese investors in Indonesia but a framework for thinking about states, transnational fractions of capital, finance, and development issues more generally. It will serve as an important reference for scholars working on these crucial issues.’ Jim Glassman, University of British Columbia
‘Scholars have recognized the significance of Asian donors in the 2000s, when many emerged as new players in international development. Today, we must shed new light on the role of Asian donors, such as China and Japan, as potential forces to supplement the United States' retreat from global affairs. This book serves as a valuable reference for navigating the increasingly uncertain landscape of infrastructure financing.’ Jin Sato, University of Tokyo
Introduction
1. Infrastructure Financing, Social Forces and the Regulatory Complex
2. Japanese-Led Infrastructure Financing and an Institutionalised Regulatory Complex in the New Order in Indonesia (1968-1998)
3. The Japanese Diffuse Regulatory Complex in the Democratised Indonesia (1998-2016)
4. Chinese-Led Infrastructure Financing and a Deinstitutionalised Regulatory Complex in Indonesia (1998-2013)
5. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and China’s Institutionalised Regulatory Complex
Conclusion