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The Real Retirement Crisis
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08 April 2025

In The Real Retirement Crisis: Why (Almost) Everything You Know About the US Retirement System Is Wrong, Andrew G. Biggs, a senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute and former official at the White House and Social Security Administration office, brings economic insights and hard data to bear on America's retirement savings situation. He finds a far more encouraging picture: Americans need significantly less income in old age than you might think. And, thanks to 401(k)s taking over for traditional pensions, Americans have more income in retirement than ever before. The US retirement system compares well to those of other developed countries. In fact, the typical US senior is among the richest in the world. The "retirement savings gap" is overwhelmingly due to governments not funding benefits they had promised.
The real risk is if America's retirement success story is derailed.
Table of Contents
1. Retirement Realities
Part I
2. What’s Your Retirement Number?
3. How Much Is Enough?
Part II
4. The Weak Evidence for America’s “Retirement Crisis”
5. Mind the Gap: Retirement Plan Coverage and Participation
6. What Has Happened to Retirement Savings?
7. A Work in Progress: How Extended Work Lives Improve Retirement Income Security
Part III
8. The Cost of Bad Data Is the Illusion of Knowledge
9. Retiree Incomes: How Far We’ve Come
10. Will I Run out of Money? Tracking Spending in Retirement
11. “A Crisis for Thee, but Not for Me”: What Retirees Say About Retirement
12. How Does the United States Stack Up Globally When It Comes to Retirement?
Part IV
13. Are Children Causing the Retirement Crisis?
14. Public Employee Pensions: Mismeasurement Breeds Mismanagement
15. The Retirement Savings Gap Is Really a Government Funding Gap
Part V
16. Social Security: The History and the Challenge
17. And What about Other Solutions to Funding Social Security?
18. Social Security Reform: What’s Been Tried
19. A Social Security Reform Plan That Works