Agroecology analyzes the different components that make up an ecosystem such as soils, climate, plants and animals, and their interactions within agricultural landscapes. Bringing together a wide range of disciplines, agroecology encompasses different scales from the individual field through to farms and landscapes and, even, complete food systems from farm to fork. There is a strong focus on protecting natural resources to ensure sustainable agricultural production. This chapter explores agroecology and pest management practices, using the example of a particular agroecosystem: rice paddies in Japan. It discusses how an understanding of agroecosystem dynamics explains the limitations of early attempts at chemical control of rice insect pests. It also shows how this understanding has informed the development of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies and is now leading to new concepts such as integrated biodiversity management (IBM). Finally, the chapter explores how agroecological concepts can help address challenges such as invasive species and climate change.