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In 1540, Zamumo, the chief of the Altamahas in central Georgia, exchanged gifts with the Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto. With these gifts began two centuries of exchanges that bound American Indians and the Spanish, English, and French who colonized the region. Whether they gave gifts for diplomacy or traded commodities for profit, Natives and newcomers alike used the exchange of goods such as cloth, deerskin, muskets, and sometimes people as a way of securing their influence. Gifts and trade enabled early colonies to survive and later colonies to prosper. Conversely, they upset the social balance of chiefdoms like Zamumo's and promoted the rise of new and powerful Indian confederacies like the Creeks and the Choctaws.
Drawing on archaeological studies, colonial documents from three empires, and Native oral histories, Joseph M. Hall, Jr., offers fresh insights into broad segments of southeastern colonial history, including the success of Florida's Franciscan missionaries before 1640 and the impact of the Indian slave trade on French Louisiana after 1699. He also shows how gifts and trade shaped the Yamasee War, which pitted a number of southeastern tribes against English South Carolina in 1715-17. The exchanges at the heart of Zamumo's Gifts highlight how the history of Europeans and Native Americans cannot be understood without each other.
"A fascinating, well-researched, and extremely well-written volume that accomplishes a great deal. . . . This book will most certainly have immense and immediate impacts on historians, anthropologists, archaeologists, and others interested in the nature of exchange in the colonial Southeast."
"Hall tells a complicated story with skill and insight. His exposition of the importance of the Mississippian world to the creation of the colonial world suggests that we ought to rethink what we mean by colonial."
"Zamumo's Gifts is a book with many gifts to bestow. Ranging widely across the centuries, going deeply into English, French, Spanish, and native sources, Joseph Hall reads the evidence with insight and imagination to shed important new light on America's 'dark ages,' a largely forgotten era when natives and newcomers contended for the Continent."
List of Abbreviations
Introduction
1. The Spirit of a Feather: The Politics of Mississippian Exchange
2. Floods and Feathers: From the Mississippian to the Floridian
3. Seeking the Atlantic: The Growth of Trade
4. Following the White Path: Migration and the Muskogees' Quest for Security
5. Creating White Hearts: Anxious Alliances amid the Slave Trade
6. The Yamasee War: Trade Reformed, a Region Reoriented
7. Cries of ''Euchee!'': Imperial Trade in a Creek Southeast
Conclusion: Gifts and Trade, Towns and Empires
Notes
Glossary of Native Place Names
Index
Acknowledgments