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Optimizing product quality in soilless culture systems (scs)
In a soilless culture system (SCS), quality parameters of produce may be improved by better control of the environmental and technical factors involved. This chapter focuses on the main factors through which it is possible to influence and improve the quality profile of soilless horticultural pro...
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Cover crops for soil health
Cover crops are accessory plants integrated in production agriculture as means to enhance organic inputs and diversification, both above and belowground. The living cover provides a bundle of environmental services including soil conservation and healthy function. This chapter reviews the literat...
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Genetic variation in immunity and disease resistance in dairy cows and other livestock
For most diseases of economic importance in livestock, resistance can be considered to be a complex or quantitative trait with limited evidence of negative correlations with resistance to other diseases. Attention to such traits allows the selection of healthier and more productive animals. This ...
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Site-specific nutrient management systems
Site-specific nutrient management systems were created to manage for spatial and temporal variability in biophysical factors that determine the availability and demand of crop nutrients. These systems differ among geographical regions in the information utilized and the way they operate to accomp...
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Conservation agriculture in south asia
South Asia, a home of 1.7 billion people houses the most poor and malnourished people globally. The region need to double its food production by 2050. Current scenario puts South Asian agriculture in a dilema facing triple challenges: to increase production to meet the food demand of growing huma...
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Understanding resistance to sterol biosynthesis inhibitor fungicides
This chapter discusses understanding resistance to sterol biosynthesis inhibitor (SBI) fungicides. It starts by first highlighting the current market and trends for this type of fungicide, then goes on to provide a short history of de-methylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides, one of the four subcla...
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Householder food waste prevention campaigns: contributions from psychology and marketing
The significant challenges raised by the habitual, low involvement behaviours that surround food management in the home make it hard for campaigns to achieve behaviour change. This chapter focuses on food waste in households and how marketing and psychology can help in its reduction. The Trans-th...
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Site-directed genome modification in barley and wheat
The principle of customized endonuclease-triggered genome modification offers unprecedented opportunities for the elucidation of gene functions and the improvement of crop plant performance. The advantage of this technology lies in the possibility of defining the genomic site where a modification...
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Genetic selection to improve reproductive traits in chickens
This chapter reviews genetic selection to improve reproductive traits in chickens. The chapter begins by first focusing on the layer breeding programme structure, then moves on to discuss areas such as egg production, liveability, resilience and adaptability. It also examines how genetic selectio...
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Advances in sugarcane irrigation for optimisation of water supply
A long-standing water deficit outside the pre-harvest stage may reduce sugarcane yield and, as climate changes, irrigation presents a major challenge to improving sugarcane crop performance and extending cultivated areas. This chapter describes the water requirements of sugarcane and current irri...
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Understanding poultry behaviour
In the context of poultry production, behavioural studies have been particularly useful for optimizing management strategies and understanding the welfare of commercially raised poultry. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the contributions that the study of animal behaviour has made to p...
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Advances in techniques for monitoring the quality of stored cereal grains
State-of-the-art monitoring systems have sensors that can early detect the onset of spoilage before “hotspots” develop and alert the user of their location through real-time data that can be delivered directly to cloud-enabled devices. The function and utility of sensors and monitoring equipment...
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Sustainable intensification in agriculture: ethical issues
Research scientists predict to feed the growing population an increase in agricultural yields at a lower environmental footprint, what some call ‘sustainable intensification’, is required. Yet, some argue that sustainable intensification fails to address systemic social, economic, or environmenta...
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Advances in understanding and optimising sheep meat eating quality and nutritional value
The quality of the product for consumers is a strong driver for ensuring market share, maintaining sales and guaranteeing sustainability of sheep meat production systems. Meat product quality is driven by eating experience and nutritional benefits. Decisions made on-farm can influence age at slau...
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Nematodes in banana
Banana production is threatened by nematodes that parasitize the root system. The damage that nematodes inflict when feeding destroys the banana’s root system, limiting nutrient and water uptake, and reducing the efficiency of the root system to anchor the plant, resulting in toppling, especially...
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Understanding and mitigating the impact of climate change on insect pests and food security
This chapter reviews the impact of climate change on insect pests, agricultural productivity and food security. Increased temperatures, elevated levels of carbon dioxide and fluctuations in precipitation pattern impact insect pest populations. The chapter reviews how climate change has affected i...
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Plant-animal interactions in grazing systems
This chapter reviews the interactions between plants and animals that govern the production efficiency of temperate pasture-based livestock production systems. These interactions operate at different temporal and spatial scales, and are highly variable. We take as our case study the dry matter in...
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Tropical agroforestry and ecosystem services: trade-off analysis for better design strategies
A large body of research has documented a wide list of provisioning and regulating services from tropical agroforestry systems (AFS). This chapter offers an overview of ecosystem services delivered by tropical AFS and presents practical approaches for trade-off analysis between ecosystem services...
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Nematodes as indicators of soil health
Soil nematode communities are composed of both plant-parasitic and beneficial taxa, and are distributed across five trophic groups within the soil food web. These nematodes contribute up to 12% of nitrogen mineralization, making them valuable indicators of ecosystem function. Ecological successio...
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Conserving and exploiting biodiversity in crop cultivation in sub-saharan africa
Under relentless global population growth the key challenge is to increase agricultural production while preserving biodiversity and reducing the pressure on ecosystems and natural resources. As a first step, the development of sustainable agricultural practices requires thorough understanding of...
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Synchronizing nitrogen fertilizer application to crop nitrogen needs
Nitrogen synchrony refers to nitrogen (N) availability in the soil being closely aligned in space and time with the N requirements of crop plants. However, due to large temporal and spatial variability in the availability of soil N across regions, there is considerable potential for asynchrony be...
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The role of soil hydrology in soil health
Soil hydrology stands at the forefront of soil health due to its critical importance in regulating physical, chemical and biological processes in soils. Soil–water interactions are closely related to and create both positive and negative feedbacks with soil characteristics, landscape features and...
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Managing feed to optimize pig health
Pigs face challenges to their health and well-being throughout their lifetimes. Proper nutrition may increase their resilience and prevent disease. In this chapter, we first discuss the essential contribution of balanced energy and protein levels to achieving optimal health and performance. We th...
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Supporting smallholders in maize cultivation: using an agricultural innovation systems approach
An innovation system can be defined as a network of organizations, enterprises and individuals focused on bringing new products, new processes and new forms of organization into use, together with the institutions and policies that affect their behaviour and performance. In this chapter, we prese...
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Understanding gut microbiota in poultry
Research has shown that gut microbiota; the bacteria, archaea, protozoa, fungi and viruses that reside within the gastrointestinal tract, has a profound effect on the health and productivity of poultry. This chapter outlines what is known about the establishment and development of the gut microbi...
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The impact of heavy metal contamination on soil health
Heavy metal pollution often results in the degradation of soil health. The term ‘soil health’ or ‘soil quality’ is used to express the status of the soil’s functional ability in the ecosystem, as indicated by its physical, chemical and biological properties. Contamination of heavy metals above th...
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Management of carbonate-rich soils and trade-offs with soil inorganic carbon cycling
Carbonate-rich soils are common in many arid and semiarid areas. Many of them are cultivated, and agriculture is expanding by the spreading of irrigation. Although the soil mineral fraction has been usually considered little or not affected by agricultural management in the short term, increasing...
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Advances in papaya cultivation
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is one of the most nutritious fruits. Due to the presence of the enzyme ‘papain’, which has a number of uses, there is now an increased industrial demand for the fruit. This chapter reviews plant and floral morphology of papaya as well as advances in genetics and breedin...
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Modelling the environmental impacts of pesticides in agriculture
The active ingredients of pesticides, which are widely applied in agriculture worldwide, are important contributors to global human and ecological health burden. Modelling emissions and related human toxicity and ecotoxicity impacts of agricultural pesticides in environmental and life cycle asses...
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Assessing the impact of inorganic fertilizers on soil microbiomes
This review aims to demonstrate the influence of farming systems on biological indicators that are relevant to soil health. Empirical data from published studies informs the hypothetical model that soil health outcomes are related to more diverse cropping systems, coupled with high inputs of orga...
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Advances in screening plants for edits and off-targets
Genome editing technology greatly accelerates the development of plant molecular research and crop breeding. However, accurately detecting mutations induced by sequence-specific nucleases between large-scale plants produced from transformation become a challenge. This chapter introduces some freq...
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The influence of gut microbiome on developing immune and metabolic systems in the young pig
The immune and metabolic systems of young piglets develop after birth, and the rate and type of development are strongly associated with the rate and type of colonisation of the intestine with bacteria. This chapter describes the enteric and mucosal immune systems of pigs and presents evidence fr...
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The use of exogenous enzymes as dietary supplements in dairy cow nutrition
This chapter summarises the effects of supplementing exogenous enzymes on improving efficiency of nutrient utilization in dairy cows by reviewing the research on enzyme selection, animal responses to feed enzymes, and the mechanisms of improving nutrient utilization. Exogenous fibrolytic enzymes,...
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The use of feed supplements to reduce livestock greenhouse gas emissions: direct-fed microbials
This chapter aims to outline the strategy of using feed supplements for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in ruminants, including methane (CH4), carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, given that feed intake is an important variable in predicting these emissions. Focus will be given to d...
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Controlling pathogens in the poultry gut
Food-borne pathogenic bacteria are all too often found as commensal or transient organisms in the gastrointestinal tract of poultry. Many of these organisms do not reveal themselves through illness in the bird, although some do. Therefore, it is important to find ways to apply treatment to all me...
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Plant–soil interactions: an overview
Plant–soil interactions are the prime mechanism for integrating the impacts of the aerial environment, animals (including plant shoot symbionts and pathogens), plant shoot physiology, plant root physiology and structure, the soil microbiome and soil chemistry and structure into what is commonly t...
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Variable-rate seeding systems for precision agriculture
Variable-rate seeding (VRS) is the practice of adjusting the seeding rate or amount across a field in order to maximize yield and profit. This method of precision agriculture relies on site-specific data such as soil type, landscape position and yield maps. In the last decade, adoption of this me...
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Advances in irrigation techniques for rice cultivation
Rice land receives 35–45% of all the world’s irrigation water. In view of growing concerns about future water scarcity, achieving water savings in irrigated rice production has become a key research challenge. This chapter considers the key techniques for improving rice water productivity through...
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Genetic selection for dairy cow welfare and resilience to climate change
Narrow breeding goals focused on milk production traits have been detrimental to the reproductive performance and health of dairy cattle. There is, therefore, a need to develop breeding strategies that balances both production and non-production traits. In this chapter, we discuss the principles ...
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Improving soil and crop nutrition management in sorghum cultivation
This chapter provides an overview of the nutrients needed, quantities of nutrients used and concepts of nutrient management commonly utilized in commercial grain sorghum production. The chapter describes how these concepts can also be applied to subsistence production as practised in much of the ...
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Advances in dairy cattle breeding to improve resistance to claw disorders/lameness
Foot and claw disorders are, along with reproductive and udder health problems, major reasons for involuntary culling in dairy cattle. Culling due to lameness accounts for 8-15% of all culls. This chapter describes the key factors needed to achieve genetic improvement of claw health and discusses...
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Challenges in risk assessment of biopesticides for insect pests
Biopesticides are important tools for controlling insect pests, and demand for them is growing globally. While biopesticides are generally considered to be of low risk, robust risk assessments are still needed to support their registration. Addressing testing questions and challenges will help be...
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Spray technologies in precision agriculture
The application of plant protection products plays a key role in the production of most crops. This chapter examines equipment designed to operate with field crops; however, many of the principles discussed will relate to other application systems. The chapter describes features of field crop spr...
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Climate-smart crop production: understanding complexity for achieving triple-wins
Climate-smart cropping options aim to simultaneously improve crop productivity, adapt to climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This chapter provides a concise overview of a wide range of climate-smart cropping options and investigates in detail the potential of conservation agricult...
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Detecting and preventing contamination of dairy cattle feed
Dairy feed has direct and indirect impacts on the safety of milk and milk products; feed also has implications for animal health and welfare, and the profitability of the dairy sector. This chapter starts with a brief outline of the role of feed in dairy cattle diets, emphasizing the common hazar...
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Avocado cultivation and biodiversity challenges
Avocados, also referred to as alligator pears, butter fruits and ‘green gold’ are a blessing and a curse. The fruits are a high-value crop which can be used by farmers in emerging economies to generate much-needed income. Avocados are high in calories, vitamins and minerals and, as a result, can ...
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Sexuality and small-scale farmers
In this chapter, the authors invite gender in agriculture scholars and practitioners to consider the smallholder farmers who are gender minorities but do not fit into the category of “woman.” By deconstructing gender and sex, researchers and practicians are positioned to attend to a more holistic...
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Sustainable approaches to control postharvest diseases of apples
Long-term storage of apples faces challenges in maintaining fruit quality and reducing losses from postharvest diseases. Currently the apple industry relies mainly on synthetic fungicides to control postharvest decays. However, the limitations to fungicides such as development of resistance in pa...
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Mycotoxins in cocoa: causes, detection and control
Mycotoxins are produced as secondary metabolites by various species of filamentous fungi, and may affect many agricultural crops and products. The potential health risks associated with these chemical compounds mean that significant attention has been given to their detection and control. However...
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Measuring methane emissions from livestock
This chapter looks at the key techniques used for measurement of CH4 and other gas emissions from livestock production, ranging from individual animal measurements to herd scale measurements for grazing animals and whole farm emissions such as feedlots. Individual animal measurement techniques di...
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The nutritional and nutraceutical/functional properties of mangoes
Mangoes can be considered a major source of bioactive compounds, notably vitamin C, phenolics (mainly gallic acid) and carotenoids, among which many are provitamin A. This chapter describes the claimed health benefits associated with the antioxidant properties of these compounds, which potentiall...
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Modifying photosystem antennas to improve light harvesting for photosynthesis in crops
All photosynthetic organisms contain a light-harvesting antenna system, in which pigments absorb solar photons and energy is delivered to the photochemical reaction centers, and subsequent biochemical reactions store it for cellular use. The identity and quantity of pigments and the proteins that...
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Integrating economic simulation models with whole-farm system models for ex ante technology impact assessment
The key analytical challenge to developing agricultural system models is to predict the behavior of agricultural systems in the multiple dimensions that are relevant to their economic, environmental and social sustainability, under recent historically observed conditions and when they are modifie...
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Planning and control in agri-food supply chains
In contrast to durable good supply chains, planning and control of agri-food supply chains are more challenging, e.g. due to perishable nature of the sensitivity of agri-food products. To provide managers with adequate decision-making support, it is crucial to understand the underlying planning p...
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Sustainable nutrition management of dairy cattle in intensive systems
When measuring the sustainability of a dairy farm, one should take into account its technical and economic performance, its stewardship of natural resources, and the norms and policies of the society in which the farm operates. This means that managing dairy herd nutrition depends not only on mee...
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Mechanisms for the transmission of pathogens into eggs
Salmonella Enteritidis currently represents the major risk of eggborne disease. The frequent association of this bacterium with egg infection is ascribed to various factors, including its spread and persistence in the breeding environment, its long-term ability to colonize the hen’s genital tract...
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Instant insights: advances in fertilisers and fertiliser technology
This book provides a detailed overview of the history, current status and future needs of fertiliser developments in an era where sustainability is of paramount importance. Chapters also review recent advances in the use of fertiliser technologies, such as crop sprayers.
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Physiological challenges in poultry breeding
This chapter discusses some of the different aspects of physiological limitations of concern in poultry breeding and production. It then covers research to map the genetic determinants of ascites, including recent successes in identifying the genetic determinants of ascites. The chapter shows ho...
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Exploiting the mango genome: molecular markers
As in other crops, the development of molecular tools is allowing significant progress in understanding different aspects of mango biology. This chapter reviews advances made in the use of different molecular tools in mango in the last decades, including biochemical markers and DNA research. The ...
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Understanding the genetics of poultry muscle development
Poultry meat is one of the most consumed animal proteins by humans. Understanding genetic regulation of poultry skeletal muscle development is essential in improving poultry meat quality and production. This chapter summarizes current knowledge of the development of skeletal muscle in poultry. Th...
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Addressing nutritional disorders in cassava cultivation
Cassava is drought-tolerant and grows reasonably well in relatively infertile soils where other crops would fail. However, production could be further increased if important soil-related constraints are addressed. In order to supply cassava plants with the nutrients required for optimal productio...
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Addressing gender inequities in accessing agricultural extension and advisory services
Extension and Advisory Services have historically been challenged to meet the needs of both women and men producers in environments where women typically have benefited less. However, there are examples of projects and programs where gender equity in access to these services has been improved. In...
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Advances in organic cultivation of vegetables
Organic farming is considered an agroecological system focused on promoting biological cycles, soil biological activity, and biodiversity toward enhancing resource conservation and environmental quality. The global growth of the organic market and production drives the research to improve organic...
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Advances in breeding of mangoes
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) and closely related genera (Mangifera spp.) belong to the family Anacardiaceae that consists of dicotyledonous trees and shrubs. The mango is distributed widely in the world’s tropical and subtropical regions as well as in a wide range of areas with a marginal climate ...
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The development of organic aquaculture
This chapter offers a general overview of global aquaculture production, explaining some of the key drivers (such as environmental, health and welfare issues with intensive conventional aquaculture) which led to the development of organic aquaculture more than two decades ago. The chapter looks a...
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Advances in understanding apple tree growth: the manipulation of tree growth and development
Recent research and development has investigated the factors influencing apple tree growth, with the ultimate aim of helping apple growers provide the market with fruit which is consistent in quality and which exhibits the features that consumers value, such as firmness, juiciness, colour and app...
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The contribution of environmental enrichment to sustainable poultry production
Environmental enrichment comprises stimuli added to the poultry housing environment to enhance the biological adaptation of the birds and improve their welfare. By promoting species-typical behaviour, it has the potential to reduce the risk of harmful behaviours and health conditions, and to guid...
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The role of specific cereal grain dietary components in poultry gut function
Cereal grains constitute the greatest proportion of most practical poultry diets. As dietary components, cereal grains provide most of the dietary energy and help to support the development of the structural and functional integrity of the digestive tract. However, many cereal grains contain one ...
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Post-harvest losses of cereals and other grains: opportunity among issues and challenges
Employing a managerial perspective, this chapter explores economically-relevant approaches to evaluate and implement sustained, scalable technologies and practices which can effectively reduce post-harvest loss (PHL). Key issues addressed include: defining appropriate targets and goals; inclusion...
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Advances in near-infrared (nir) spectroscopy to assess soil health
Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the near-infrared (NIR: 350-2500 nm) region offers a relatively rapid, non-destructive, and high throughput alternative to wet chemistry measurements of soil health. Infrared absorbance frequencies of soil constituents such as organic matter and clay minerals f...
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New approaches for determining the nutritional value of pig feed
Precision feed formulation is a key component of precision feeding programs that requires accurate, dynamic assessment of numerous nutrients and chemical compounds that have positive (functional nutrients) and negative (anti-nutritional) effects on health, efficiency, and productivity of pigs. Re...
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Advances in understanding pain and stress in cows
This chapter provides definitions of pain and stress, particularly focusing on the issue that 'stress' as a stand-alone generic term may not be helpful in terms of advancing our understanding of the impact of animal management on animal welfare. For cattle, as for other animals managed by humans,...
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Advances in classical biological control to support ipm of perennial agricultural crops
Scientific advances in classical biological control and supporting disciplines have provided ‘tools’ that could enable permanent suppression of some seemingly intractable invasive pest problems that limit the effectiveness of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programmes in perennial crops. This ch...
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Advances in understanding the development of defences against pathogens in the chicken egg
The egg is naturally equipped with a range of natural defences that protect the embryo from bacterial contamination throughout its development. Starting with a reminder of how the egg forms, this chapter aims to provide the reader with an overview of how the different components of the egg contri...
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Sustainable nitrogen management for housed livestock, manure storage and manure processing
This chapter reviews sustainable nitrogen management for housed livestock, manure storage and manure processing. The chapter begins by discussing the various forms nitrogen can take, focusing specifically on ammonia, nitrous oxide and di-nitrogen. It then goes on to review livestock feeding and h...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of sorghum volume 2
Volume 2 in this sequence summarises key research on the wide range of uses of sorghum as food, animal feed and for biofuel. It also assesses the challenges of growing sorghum in different parts of the world and how these are being addressed.
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Sustainable soybean production research and practice: contrasting case studies from three soybean production areas
Good agricultural practices (GAPs) vary within and among production systems. Improved production technology and favourable weather result in increased productivity in many parts of the world, but not everywhere. Our objective here is to address the question of whether we produce soybean sustainab...
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Advances in breeding of coconut
The coconut, Cocos nucifera L. was once the most important palm crop in the humid tropics. After an introduction to the current extent of coconut cultivation and uses, this chapter discusses the origins and botany of coconut. It then reviews available genetic resources. The chapter goes on to rev...
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Advances in understanding the biosynthetic pathways of milk lipids, their health benefits and bioactive properties
Milk lipids provide various nutrition and health benefits to the consumer. However, these components are not secreted by the mammary gland epithelial cells as isolated components. They are secreted as part of complex molecules such as triglycerides and polar lipids like glycerophospholipids and s...
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Mapping the soybean genome
The soybean is one of the most important grain legumes, but genetic mapping had been less advanced than in other crops, which limited modern soybean molecular breeding. This chapter discusses the significant progress in mapping the soybean genome that has now been made. Also highlighted are the u...
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Achieving sustainable production of milk volume 3
Animal health and welfare are of major importance in dairy farming. This collection looks at the key issues affecting dairy herd welfare as well as ways of optimising dairy cattle nutrition. It also reviews ways of detecting, preventing and managing diseases affecting dairy cattle.
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The effects on crop cultivation of increased co₂, temperature and ozone levels due to climate change
Atmospheric changes, including high CO2 concentration, air temperature and tropospheric ozone concentration, are challenging our crop cultivation systems, with potential negative implications for global food production. Atmospheric changes directly affect different physiological processes, and fu...
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Market structures of organic dairy farming and consumer attitudes towards organic milk processing
Since 2021, the established retail chains remain dominant, discount retailers are gaining, and traditional organic stores are losing market share. There is growing competition with other labels, especially regional labels, animal welfare labels and hay milk (e.g. grass-fed) labels. A literature r...
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The effects of carcass chilling and electrical stimulation on visual beef quality and palatability
The conversion of muscle to meat during the rigor mortis process and the conditions under which this process occurs is most important for quality attributes of beef including colour, water holding capacity and tenderness. Electrical stimulation is used to prevent cold-induced toughening of beef, ...
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Autonomous navigation and path planning for agricultural robots
Navigation and path planning are essential technologies for increasing the productivity of agriculture machine systems performing modern precision agriculture tasks. Production agriculture requires efficient methods for complete coverage of agricultural landscapes to complete the critical product...
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Responsible and sustainable use of medicines in dairy herd health
As well as having a moral obligation to safeguard animal health and welfare, veterinarians and dairy producers also have One Health responsibilities to protect human health and the environment from the risk of antimicrobial resistance and the food chain from medicine residues. This chapter descri...
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Automation and robotics in greenhouses
This chapter provides an overview of the state of the art of automation technology in protected cultivation and looks ahead to future directions for achieving further progress in this field. The chapter provides a generic description of the greenhouse crop production process and then uses it as a...
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Assessing the impact of disease on pollinators
Pests and pathogens are a major factor in the health and wellbeing of pollinators. We provide a brief review of the major pests and pathogens of three important insect pollinator taxa of crop plants: honey bees (Apis spp.), bumble bees (Bombus spp.) and other wild bees. For honey bees, the varroa...
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Types of silvopastoral systems: adding trees to pasture/rangelands
Silvopastoral systems (SPS) have been identified as efficient land management strategies to increase the performance of animal and tree production. The combinations of trees and/or shrubs with pastures and animals are present in diverse ways, generating different SPS. SPS design can be two or thr...
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Sustainability pathways in oil palm cultivation: a comparison of indonesia, colombia and cameroon
Oil palm development is a major subject in controversies over sustainable agriculture. Economic benefits are very high due to the crop characteristics and its impact on smallholder development and economic growth. Producer countries have targeted oil palm expansion to meet national and global dem...
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Integrated crop management of wheat
Integrated crop management (ICM) is the practice of using multiple agronomic and pest control methods to maximize yield and net returns and to minimize inputs while maintaining economic and environmental sustainability. This chapter describes the role of agronomists in developing ICM strategies a...
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Advances in marker-assisted breeding of palm oil
Oil palm, with its long breeding cycle and large land requirement for breeding trials, can be considered as a suitable candidate crop for marker assisted selection (MAS) for breeding. This chapter explores the applications of MAS in oil palm breeding including paternity testing and prediction of ...
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Insect pests affecting oil palms
Monocultures – including oil palm – are known to induce strong parasitic pressure. Coleoptera and Lepidoptera are the main insect pests affecting oil palms in all continents where it is cultivated. This chapter offers an overview of the major types of oil palm pests (23 species) that have been se...
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Tropane alkaloids in food
Tropane alkaloids (TAs) are known to be present in certain plants but can contaminate crops that enter the food chain, leading to severe toxic effects in humans. This has prompted the European Union to set legal limits for atropine and scopolamine, the most common TAs, in various foods. However, ...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of vegetables
This volume summarises the wealth of research on improving sustainability in vegetable cultivation. Part 1 reviews advances in physiology and breeding. Parts 2-3 summarise advances in cultivation and pest management. The final part includes case studies on the breeding and cultivation of key vege...
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Advances in breeding crops resistant to insect pests: rice as a paradigm
Over the last 60 years research involving the development and deployment of insect-resistant crop cultivars has led to significant crop improvements in the major food-producing areas of the world. This chapter discusses the history, status, latest methods, and challenges of breeding insect-resist...
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Access to mechanization for smallholder farmers in africa
Agricultural mechanization is vital to achieving sustainable livelihood, food security and national development. Mechanization is pertinent for Africa where the predominant production system remains the smallholder’s system. The use of technologies from the West continue to face lots of constrain...
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Optimizing pest management in fruit cultivation
Tree fruit growers in temperate regions have faced challenges in managing the complex of arthropod pests present in these systems because of increasing pesticide regulatory restrictions, public concerns about food safety and environmental quality, and resistance to older pesticides by key pests. ...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of rice volume 2
Volume 2 reviews ways of improving cultivation of rice, from planting to soil management, nutrition and irrigation as well as techniques such as integrated crop management. It also discusses key pests and diseases and methods for their control in making cultivation more productive and sustainable.
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Genetic factors affecting feed efficiency in meat-type chickens
To meet the global demand poultry meat, poultry should be produced efficiently and sustainably. Feed constitutes 70% of the cost of poultry production, meaning improvements in feed efficiency would be beneficial to producers, consumers and the environment. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) is an econom...
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