Collection: Technology & Engineering
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Instant insights: conservation tillage in agriculture
This collection features five peer-reviewed literature reviews on conservation tillage in agriculture.
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Role of prebiotics in poultry gastrointestinal tract health, function, and microbiome composition
Prebiotics have been established as a series of feed compounds that serve as specific substrates for gastrointestinal tract (GIT) bacteria. The general premise is that such compounds support GIT bacteria that benefit the host. In addition, GIT bacteria supported by prebiotics can be antagonistic ...
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Developments in commercial scale farming of microalgae and seaweeds
Expanding markets for microalgae and macroalgae products have led to increased development of commercial farming operations. While microalgae and macroalgae, or seaweed, have historically been harvested in many parts of globe, more recent developments seek to improve productivity, decrease produc...
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Advances in understanding lipid requirements and utilization in dairy cattle
This chapter examines advances in understanding lipid requirements and utilisation in dairy cattle. The chapter begins by first highlighting the major lipid constituents found in dairy cow nutrition, such as free fatty acids, triglycerides, glycolipids and phospholipids. It then goes on to discus...
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Viruses affecting african crops and their vectors
Plant viruses are one of the major constraints to crop production in Africa. Consequently, research into understanding and managing viruses has been a major theme of IITA’s work over its 50-year history. This chapter reviews the progress made in characterizing the major viruses affecting bananas,...
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Women smallholder farmers and water resource management
Women smallholder farmers globally are confronting social, economic and environmental challenges related to water resource management with impacts on access to energy, drinking water and food. Furthermore, it is common for women in rural regions to be subjected to physical, economic and slow viol...
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Advances in precision application technologies for weed management
Most PWM related research activity is focused on different aspects of weed scouting and mapping, aiming to optimize the weed detection performances of various sensors and imaging platforms. It seems like other aspects of the PWM pipeline get much little attention, nonetheless, their development a...
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Setting the scene: the continued drive to improve organic animal farming
All the elements of current global development – urbanization, industrialization, population growth, food insecurity, environmental degradation, climate change and other universal issues – call for more equitable and balanced agricultural systems, including new and innovative ways of keeping and ...
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Advances in understanding and managing fungal and other diseases of forest trees
Forest diseases are caused by pathogens and they affect all parts of the tree, including roots, stems, and leaves. Forest diseases result in volume losses and decreases in wood quality, which are considered detrimental in stands managed for timber products; however, in the context of a biodiversi...
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Agroforestry for sustainable agriculture
This volume reviews the latest research on the role and implementation of main types of agroforestry, the ecosystem services that agroforestry can deliver and techniques for optimising agroforestry practice.
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Nutraceutical benefits of eggs
Hen eggs are nature’s perfect source for the everyday diet worldwide. Several components of hen eggs have biofunctional properties in humans beyond normal nutrition and have the potential for being used as active ingredients for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products. Consequently, extensive s...
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Dairy cattle welfare and other aspects of sustainability
Welfare and other aspects of sustainability are becoming increasingly important in consumer purchasing decisions. This chapter introduces a number of key welfare issues affecting the dairy industry that need system change, including lameness, mastitis and aspects of calf management. Other major t...
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Legal issues of implementing agricultural soil organic carbon sequestration as negative emission technology
Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils is emerging as a promising way to combat climate change by contributing to the removal of carbon dioxide from the earth's atmosphere. To this end, it can be considered as one of the negative emission technologies. The transition to the concrete implement...
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Monitoring and minimizing health risks related to pesticides
Pesticide poisoning is a cause of many human deaths, either via deliberate self-poisoning or via occupational exposure. This chapter looks at monitoring exposure to pesticides and how to minimize human health risks related to their use/exposure. Following an introduction, a section on data-collec...
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Achieving sustainable greenhouse production: present status, recent advances and future developments
Greenhouse production systems have been introduced to improve growth conditions for plants to increase yield and quality. While initially greenhouses were mainly found in cool climates, water saving has become an important driver for the expansion of the greenhouse industry, particularly in arid ...
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Achieving sustainable management of tropical forests
This collection reviews the wealth of research on tropical forest management. Parts 1 and 2 explore key challenges facing tropical forests as well as the ecosystem services they deliver. Parts 3 and 4 review the management structures and techniques required for sustainable forest management (SFM)...
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Leg disorders in poultry: bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (bco)
Bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO) is widely recognized as one of the most common causes of lameness in broilers. This chapter starts by summarizing the pathogenesis of BCO. Experimental models that successfully trigger BCO are then reviewed. Sources of bacteria that infect the bo...
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Advances in flood-tolerant varieties of soybean
Flooding is a serious abiotic stress that drastically causes soybean yield loss around the world. As a result, a large number of studies have been conducted to understand soybean responses to flooding on agronomic, morphological, physiological and molecular levels. This chapter summarizes current...
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Advances in understanding the role of soil microbiomes in promoting crop resilience to drought stress
Agricultural productivity varies frequently as a result of environmental changes. Abiotic stresses, such as nutrient deficiencies, drought, salinity, flooding, high temperature, heavy metal toxicities, and oxidative stress, cause irretrievable damage, resulting in plant growth and yield loss. The...
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Modifying the rumen environment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
Ruminants were among the first domesticated animals and have been providing food, leather, wool, draft and by-products to humanity for at least 10,000 years. However, rumen methanogens reduce CO2 to CH4 in association with other rumen microbes that generate substrates for methanogenesis. Conseque...
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Breeding and management strategies to improve reproductive efficiency in dairy cattle
Although high reproductive efficiency is critical to sustainable dairy farming, reproductive failure is the primary reason for culling dairy cows in many countries. Yet, high milk production and high first-service conception rates often co-exist in well-managed dairy herds. The use of artificial ...
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Cultivating sugarcane for use in bioenergy applications: key issues
Sugarcane (a complex hybrid of Saccharum spp.) has high biomass and sucrose accumulation in its stem, making it a favourable feedstock for bioenergy production. This chapter reviews the key issues and challenges faced when expanding sugarcane cultivation for bioenergy, namely, competition with fo...
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Progress in understanding viruses affecting sugarcane
There are currently around ten diseases of sugarcane known to be caused by viruses. In recent years our understanding of these diseases has greatly benefited from access to low-cost sequencing technologies which have revolutionized virus discovery, improved our understanding of genetic variation ...
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Potato pest management with specific reference to the pacific northwest (usa)
Over the past 20 years, potato pest management in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) region of the United States has changed dramatically with the emergence and resurgence of new insect pests, including vectors of new, devastating plant pathogens. This chapter reviews the status of pest management in th...
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Nutritional strategies and management practices to improve poultry meat quality
The concept of meat quality is of primary relevance for both producers, due to the implications for fresh retail and value-added meat products, and consumers, which are increasingly aware of the nutritional quality of food. Beside the genetic background, many environmental factors are able to inf...
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Developing forestry recreation services
A high percentage of individuals participate in outdoor recreation, and as regions around the world continue to experience population growth there correspondingly will be increased demand for recreation services. Quality in such recreation can be defined as the degree to which recreation opportun...
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Genome editing of maize
Although most genome editing efforts focus on modifications to gene coding regions, this chapter emphasizes genome editing of the upstream regulatory regions. Thoughtful editing of the promoter region will ultimately lead to improved plants, modified for more precise control of the intensity and ...
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Modeling crop rotations: capturing short- and long-term feedbacks for sustainability and soil health
Crop rotation is a critical management strategy available to farmers to sustain soil fertility, combat pests, and improve crop yields. Because of the complex feedbacks occurring in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum, legacy effects and their interactions with climate are generally not well under...
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The role of essential oils and other botanicals in optimizing gut function in poultry
The poultry industry has long trusted antibiotics for their benefits in chicken production such as improved feed conversion, growth promotion and disease control. However, the emergence of bacterial antimicrobial resistance has resulted in the U.S. federal guidelines prompting the animal industri...
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Advances in understanding plant root response to nematode attack
Plant parasitic nematodes are damaging pests on all crops grown across the world. They exploit plants using a range of strategies, ranging from simple browsing ectoparasitism to highly complex biotrophic endoparasites. Some nematodes induce the formation of complex feeding structures in the roo...
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Use of protein from black soldier flies in poultry feed
Successful inclusion of black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) in the diet of broilers and laying hens requires a precise determination of its nutritional value. These issues are discussed in the first part of this chapter together with the current understanding of amino acid content, amino acid d...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of rice volume 1
This collection reviews advances in breeding techniques as well as improving traits such as flood or drought resistance. It also discusses advances in understanding the nutritional role of rice and ways this can be enhanced to feed a growing population.
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Gastrointestinal diseases of poultry: causes and nutritional strategies for prevention and control
Gastrointestinal health plays a critical role in ensuring the overall health and productivity of livestock, including poultry. In this regard, antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP) have been used to maintain and promote gastrointestinal health. With the industrial strategy of gradual phasing out o...
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Case studies on food safety control in the production of fresh poultry meat: effective control of salmonella in sweden
Swedish control of Salmonella in poultry is very successful, with rare findings of Salmonella in meat and almost no human cases linked to Swedish poultry meat. This chapter presents the Swedish system for controlling Salmonella in poultry, with the aim of highlighting insights which may be helpfu...
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Modelling potato growth
The development of mechanistic models for predicting growth of various crops (including potatoes) has continued for several decades, and new applications of such models are increasingly becoming available. Despite the benefits of this development, it may be difficult for the user to choose partic...
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Developments in cell culture media for cultured meat applications
Cell culture media is one of the key inputs for cultured meat production. It provides a physiologically favorable environment for cells, nutrients for cell consumption and utilization, and signaling molecules to instruct cell behavior. For all cell culture, media should be optimized towards speci...
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Practical application of integrated pest management in greenhouses and protected cultivation
Greenhouse production is at the forefront of using IPM systems to tackle pests and diseases. The shift to IPM was a challenge for growers, but was overcome through research, extension and demonstration of the strengths of biocontrol. We provide examples from ornamental plant greenhouse horticultu...
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Organic and natural beekeeping, and caring for insect pollinators
The pollination of flowering plants is crucial for the maintenance of earth’s biodiversity, and most food crops depend upon insect pollinators. Unfortunately, conventional agricultural practices tend to diminish the numbers of wild insect pollinators while increasing our need for them. This chapt...
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The use of precision livestock technologies in managing sheep health and welfare
Sheep play an essential role in the rural economy for food production, cultural heritage and landscape. Despite being generally less frequently kept in the types of confinement systems that cause the greatest public concern, sheep are not free from welfare compromise. In recent years, Precision L...
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The effects of pasture grazing on milk quality
How does grazing affect milk quality and fatty acid (FA) composition? Grazing animals can select, prefer green leaves and have fresh herbage diets rich in poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The environment and farm management affect herbage allowance and grazing time. Milk from grazing-based pr...
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Advances in the use of robotics in crop phenotyping
This chapter reviews advances in the use of robotics in crop phenotyping. It first highlights the role of robotics in phenotyping, then moves on to discuss three forms of dimensional imaging and analysis: two dimensional (2D), 3D and 4D. A section is dedicated to each. The chapter also provides t...
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Changing priorities and practices in the management of parasitic gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants
This chapter reviews the challenge posed by gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections in sheep. It sets out the growing problem of anthelmintic resistance (AR) to anthelmintic (AH) drugs conventionally used for GIN control. After reviewing the use of targeted treatments to slow the development o...
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Creating resilient silvopastoral systems: mediterranean silvopastoralism as a model for agroforestry
By fostering a balanced and symbiotic relationship between livestock and their environment, silvopastoral systems also offer pragmatic solutions to contemporary environmental challenges, including climate change and wildfire management. This chapter investigates the complex interactions occurring...
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Advances in sequence technologies for generating poultry gut microbiome data
The important role of the microbiome in the immune system, nutrient digestion, and disease diagnosis and prevention has been well documented in both humans and animals. In poultry, the microbiome community changes between different organs, and the perturbation of gut microbiota can lead to intest...
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The sustainable sugarcane initiative
With ever-growing demands for sugar and difficulties in expanding cane area to meet such demands, increasing cane productivity per unit area, but with a reduced ecological footprint, has become imperative. The Sustainable Sugarcane Initiative (SSI) addresses these concerns. This chapter describes...
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Improving production and utilization of sorghum in asia
Sorghum was once a major crop in dry regions. However, its production area has decreased drastically, especially in Asia. In order to revitalize sorghum production, we must reorient sorghum research in the contexts of present and future demands, and resolve specific production constraints, thereb...
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Weed ecology and population dynamics
Agricultural trends, including a global rise in herbicide-resistant weed genotypes and a growing demand for food produced with minimal external synthetic inputs, are driving producer interest in reducing reliance on herbicides for weed management. An improved understanding of weed ecology can sup...
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Advances in understanding tree fruit-rhizosphere microbiome relationships for enhanced plant health
Host–microbe interactions in the rhizosphere influence numerous processes that determine plant productivity and health. The rhizo-microbiome influences functions ranging from protection of the plant from pathogen attack to enhanced nutrient availability and uptake. This chapter examines the use o...
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Foodomics: advances in product testing in agri-food supply chains
This chapter is written to describe the concept of product testing in agri-food supply chains and the methods that are being developed to identify instances of product non-conformance with either regulatory requirements, market requirements or both. The emergence of a range of new technologies pr...
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Physiological and behavioral responses to disease in pigs
This chapter provides critical information on the physiological and behavioral responses common to pigs experiencing disease and describe animal-based outcomes directly impacted during a disease state. In addition, timely tools to prevent and monitor disease at the herd level are discussed and di...
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Understanding rumen lipid metabolism to optimize dairy products for enhanced human health and to monitor animal health
Rumen lipid metabolism largely determines the fatty acid composition of dairy products. As such, milk fatty acids can be used as indicators of ruminal and hence animal health. Control of rumen metabolism might also facilitate the production of dairy products enriched in unsaturated fatty acids fo...
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Advances in understanding grain legume physiology: understanding root architecture, nutrient uptake and response to abiotic stress
Root system architecture (RSA) influences root foraging and resource uptake from the soil and thus determines plant growth and productivity in grain legumes. Understanding RSA, nutrient uptake and its response to drought and other abiotic stresses is vital for breeding super genotypes for efficie...
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Risk management systems for prevention and control of contaminants in animal feed
Feed safety remains an issue for both the health of livestock and as a prerequisite for food safety. Risk assessment plays a role in identifying and determining potential risks of contaminants. When contaminants limits are defined, risk management systems can be designed for prevention and contro...
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Machine vision techniques to monitor behaviour and health in precision livestock farming
This chapter reviews advances in computer vision-based technologies for precision livestock farming. It also reviews how automation in image analysis can promote smart management of livestock to improve health and welfare. The chapter discusses the main devices for data acquisition in computer-vi...
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Causes, prevention and management of infertility in dairy cows
Reproduction and fertility are central components to successful dairy enterprises, and an appropriate management and understanding of the physiological events needed for fertility is crucial to sustainable dairy farming. This chapter discusses the physiology of the main impediments to fertility a...
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The role and challenges of the private sector in enabling market access for smallholders
Sourcing from smallholder farmers presents a number of challenges, stemming from the informal ecosystem in which individual farmers operate as well as from the diverse and fragmented nature of smallholders as a group. The three main types of challenges are: technical, logistical and behavioural. ...
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Instant insights: optimising quality attributes in poultry products
This collection considers the importance of key quality attributes, such as colour, flavour, nutritional content and appearance on consumer purchasing decisions. Chapters review the methods available to optimise these attributes, including the use of breeding techniques and genetic control.
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Challenges and initiatives in reducing food losses and waste: united states
About a third of food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted from farm to fork. It is estimated that the average American household spends $1500 a year or more on food they never eat. This chapter highlights primary data that the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) has collected in production-lev...
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Conservation agriculture in west and central canada: an integrated review of adoption
This chapter reviews the roles of farmers, organizations, researchers and policy all played in the adoption of Conservation Agriculture (CA) in Canada. The chapter acknowledges the value of conversations the authors have had over the decades with farmers, academics, extension specialists and othe...
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The use of agricultural robots in crop spraying/fertilizer applications
Spraying pesticides is a main element of agriculture worldwide, since 30% to 35% of crop losses can be prevented when harmful insects and diseases are eliminated by applying pesticides. A robotic sprayer can help reduce pesticide application while removing the human operator from the hazardous pe...
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Modelling the effects of temperature and photoperiod on soybean reproductive development
It has long been recognized that the development rate and yield of soybean are sensitive to temperature and photoperiod. This chapter considers a range of experimental evidence concerning the precise effects of these factors on soybean reproductive development, and reviews ten diverse methods of ...
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The role of liming in improving soil health
Soil acidity is a threat to a healthy soil with far-reaching consequences, both direct and indirect, on soil chemical and physical properties, impacting the growth, health and composition of organisms growing in a soil and with potential for negative off-site impacts. All agricultural production ...
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The importance of agroforestry systems in supporting biodiversity conservation and agricultural production: a european perspective
Biodiversity has been declining steadily over the last decade causing large economic losses. Agroforestry is a sustainable land use system where woody perennials (trees or shrubs) are combined with agricultural production. Agroforestry is able to provide solutions to meet global strategies to inc...
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From data collection to decision support tools for the sustainable management of grasslands
This chapter describes the diversity of data available about grasslands, and how such data may be analysed and fuel a variety of tools in order to support grassland management decisions at farm and territory scales, with a focus on EU countries. Specific attention is then drawn to the case of sem...
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Field robots for plant phenotyping
The technology developed within the domain of plant phenotyping provides excellent data-driven tools for plant breeders to use in the collection and description of the relationship between genotyping and environmental factors. Field robots are emerging as sensor-mounted phenotyping platforms, whi...
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Understanding and minimising fungicide resistance
This collection reviews the wealth of research on understanding the development of fungicide resistance and preventative measures to limit the problem and its impact on effective control of crop diseases.
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Understanding pig behaviour
The behavioural patterns of domesticated pigs are well conserved from their ancestors. This suggests that the underlying motivational systems are similar to those of wild boar and feral domestic populations. This chapter describes how commercial conditions, whilst providing some welfare benefits,...
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Practice and benefits of conservation agriculture systems
This chapter discusses Conservation Agriculture as a basis for sustainable soil, land and natural resource management and production intensification. It reviews the process of transforming conventional systems into Conservation Agriculture systems and provides an overview of the main practices an...
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Breeding strategies to improve rice yields: an overview
This chapter examines three different major strategies designed to break the ‘yield barrier’ so that rice production keeps up with population growth: new ideotype breeding, heterosis and green super rice. The chapter shows that exploring the genetic diversity of wild Oryza species may lead to ide...
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Advances in insect pest management in postharvest storage of cereals: use of controlled atmosphere and temperature control
Oxygen depleted controlled or modified atmospheres (CA/MA) generated by a variety of different methods and alteration of temperature of stored cereals have been used successfully to replace fumigants for insect control and for the quality preservation of stored products. CA or MA have been used ...
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Advances in identifying and tracking malicious contamination of food in agri-food supply chains
This chapter is about the history of bio-warfare, and how biological and bio-chemical weapons were developed during the two World Wars and afterwards. There are examples of attacks to the food chain of entire communities with biochemical weapons by either single individuals or groups, and attacks...
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Sustainably meeting the nutrient requirements of grazing sheep
In order to be sustainable, sheep rearing systems must be sufficiently flexible to respond to variable conditions and feed availability. This chapter argues that sustainable sheep management works with the resources available at a given place or time and learns from the sheep themselves. The chap...
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Sustainable banana cultivation: from standards to multiple solutions
There is no single recipe for sustainable banana cultivation. Pest and disease management has been central to sustainability efforts, particularly in the export industry. The global and local spread of pathogens make the capacity to manage such threats a shared concern for leading banana exporter...
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Feed evaluation and formulation to maximise nutritional efficiency in dairy cattle
This chapter reviews the evaluation of energy and protein value of ruminants’ feedstuffs. It emphasises the importance of accurately estimating feeding values to optimise production. The chapter discusses experimental methods and models used to evaluate the energy and protein values of feeds. The...
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Advances in understanding health benefits of hazelnuts
Hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.) are rich in fats, protein, valuable fibre content, phytonutrients and antioxidants such as vitamin E. The health benefits of hazelnut consumption arise from the synergic action of unsaturated fat or bioactive compounds including plant sterols and dietary fibre. Aft...
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Minor fungal diseases of banana
This chapter gives an overview of a number of minor diseases which affects bananas in different parts of the world. It gives an overview of the occurence, causal agent, key disease symptoms, host susceptibility and control of the the following diseases: Cordana leaf spot, Deightoniella leaf spot,...
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Tools and technologies to reduce fossil energy use on dairy farms
With a growing demand for milk and dairy products coupled with concerns regarding greenhouse gas emissions, the sustainable use of on-farm energy resources is essential. Milk production requires electrical energy for powering plant equipment, liquid fuels for powering machinery, indirect energy f...
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Advances in remote sensing technologies for assessing crop health
Advances in crop health monitoring would help farmers use resources more efficiently and accurately. Higher-quality spatiotemporal information on changes in crop characteristics will enable more precise and timely management of crop health, by providing early indication of crop disease outbreaks ...
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Meeting amino acid requirements in pig nutrition
Protein is one of the major components of the pig’s body, and dietary protein is the sole source of essential amino acids required for the protein synthesis for body maintenance, growth and reproduction. The protein synthesis is limited when there is a deficiency of any amino acid, and it is ther...
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Key issues and challenges in disease surveillance in dairy cattle
This chapter provides an overview on the different aspects concerning disease surveillance programs. The chapter also describes a specific and conceptual framework related to disease surveillance of production diseases within the individual herd, including both animals and farmers. Regarding farm...
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Advanced breeding techniques for grain legumes in the genomics era
The challenge of grain legume production is to continue increasing productivity while reducing the significant seed yield gap between developed and developing countries/regions. Advanced breeding techniques play an important role in the era of genomics. This chapter describes the main grain legum...
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Drivers of farmers’ usage of digital marketplace platform: evidence from india
Online trading by farmers is a critical component of the agricultural supply chain. Perceived ease-of-use and perceived usefulness of a digital marketplace enhances trust and then farmers’ intention to use that digital marketplace. This study, by leveraging a mediation model, explores the usage d...
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Advances in breeding of pistachio
Pistacia vera L. (pistachio) has the only commercially important edible nuts in the genus, and wild species are used for rootstock. Breeding in pistachio is very slow, time-consuming and expensive due to very long juvenile period and the plant’s dioecious character. This chapter describes the obj...
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as biostimulants for sustainable crop production
Several functions of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) interactions constitute the ecological services of the symbiosis which are the basis for their application as biostimulants. The bi-directional nutrient exchange between the mycorrhizal partners, the contribution of AM fungi to the quality of soils...
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Modelling crop growth and yield in palm oil cultivation
Since the development of the first semi-mechanistic oil palm model, OPSIM, the development of new oil palm models has increased in frequency, aiming to take into account aspects of oil palm physiology and the physical processes and causal relationships between the environment and the crop. This c...
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Improving water management in organic crop cultivation
Managing water for crop production requires capture and storage of water in the soil, which must also be protected from damage by raindrop impact and excess water. These actions ensure that the soil will benefit from increased organic matter content and be protected by harvest residues, living pl...
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The nutritional value of red palm oil
There is a great deal of confusion regarding the nutritional value and health effects of palm oil. The controversy and conflicting views still continue on whether or not palm oil is atherogenic. Based on current evidence, it would appear that palm oil has both favourable and unfavourable effects....
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Phytoremediation: advances in soil contaminant phytoextraction by accumulator and hyperaccumulator plants
Phytoextraction is the use of plants to remove heavy metal contaminants from agricultural soil and keeping the contaminants inside their own tissues. If the metal accumulator plants, particularly those called hyperaccumulator plants, that can accumulate relatively large quantities of the heavy me...
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Advances in irrigation management and technology in potato cultivation: experiences from a humid climate
For many farmers, irrigation is an essential component of potato production, serving to maximise yields and meet quality assurance targets for retailers and consumers. In recent years, rising costs for labour and energy (pumping) have led to considerable attention being given to improving on-farm...
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Soil health assessment and inventory: indices and databases
It is increasingly appreciated that the soil resource embodies significant natural capital supporting valuable ecosystem services, yet soil natural capital and ecosystem services are threatened by land degradation at the same time as they become more central to efforts to expand food production t...
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Developments in feed additive supplements for improved sheep nutrition and health and reduced enteric methane
Since the banning of antibiotic use in animal feeds in 2006 there has been much interest in supplementary feed additives to support animal production, efficiency and health. Furthermore, these supplements may offer the opportunity for reductions in enteric methane production. This chapter reviews...
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Optimizing the health of poultry layers
Commercial egg production is an important part of poultry production worldwide. Table egg production is facing times of change and transition with focus on animal well-being. Several major global trends have impacted egg production in many ways: 1) housing systems, 2) ban on beak treatments, 3) i...
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Fescue aphid (metopolophium festucae)
The Fescue aphid or Grass aphid, Metopolophium festucae, is a pest of forage grasses, wheat, and other small grains in its native range in the United Kingdom and parts of Europe. It is an adventive pest in the Pacific Northwest, USA, several countries in South America, and in New Zealand. Infesta...
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Advancing a feminist intersectional lens in gender transformative work with women smallholder farmers
Gender Transformative Approaches (GTAs) are increasingly used in development research and practice as a way to transform constraining gender norms that limit smallholder women’s engagement in agrifood systems. The literature on GTAs underscores the need to consider diverse identities and experien...
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Plant genetic resources
This collection addresses the challenges of maintaining and benefitting from plant genetic diversity. Part 1 assesses ways of valuing and monitoring plant genetic diversity. Part 2 discusses advances in in-situ and ex-situ strategies for conserving plant genetic diversity. The final section revie...
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Advances in artificial intelligence (ai) for more effective decision making in agriculture
This chapter reviews developments in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to improve the functionality of decision support systems (DSS) in agriculture. It reviews the use of techniques such as data mining, artificial neural networks (ANN), Bayesian networks (BN), support vector mac...
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Conservation agriculture in eastern and southern africa
Conservation Agriculture (CA) works, by building the soil health basis for climate-proofing agriculture. As a low cost innovation that smallholders in Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) can access and relate with, CA empowers smallholders to produce a surplus at minimal cost, which subsequently en...
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Reusing and recycling of food waste
This chapter reviews how food waste can be reused and recycled. It begins by providing a definition of ‘reuse’ and ‘recycling’ in terms of food waste and gives examples of ways of dealing with food waste, for example, disposal through landfill or incineration or recycling back into food productio...
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Developing polyphenols from agricultural wastes
Large volumes of organic waste are generated from growing, harvesting and processing crops. These organic bioresidues contain large quantities of diverse bioactive molecules, including phenolic compounds. These compounds have significant antioxidant and health-promoting properties. A more sustain...
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Developing decision support systems for crop yield forecasts
This chapter discusses existing yield forecasting systems in which the yield forecasts are driven by integration of different data sources, such as output of crop modeling, remote sensing and gridded climate datasets. It first provides overviews of the two predominant modeling approaches— crop si...
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