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The use of trichoderma spp. to control plant diseases
Trichoderma is one of the most studied genera of ascomycetous fungi due to the beneficial effects it has on plants. Trichoderma spp. are involved in the production of cell wall-degrading enzymes and metabolites with antimicrobial activity. It also produces volatile compounds that act together as ...
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Advances in world modeling for agri-food robotics
Performing tasks in the agri-food industry can be complex due to the organic, unstructured environments and natural variation in product. Successfully implementing robotic systems in such contexts is highly dependent on their capacity to adapt to variability, unpredictability and incomplete senso...
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Mitigating the impact of environmental, social and economic issues on sugarcane cultivation to achieve sustainability
Mitigating the impact of sugarcane cultivation on the environment and ensuring both economic and social sustainability is key to successful and enduring sugar industries. This chapter focuses on the impact of agrochemical use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and how these may be mitigated. Pe...
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The daisy crop model
The process-based model Daisy simulates complex crop traits in different environments through various process descriptions for water and solute/nitrogen transport and crop growth of diverse agroecosystems and managements. Daisy runs in one or two dimensions, in the field (basic management unit) o...
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Marker-assisted trait introgression for wheat breeding and research
Trait introgression, the incorporation of a specific character, is a cornerstone of both wheat breeding and research allowing a specific line or variety to be improved for the character. Varieties can be improved by introgressing the trait of interest into their genetic background through backcro...
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Instant insights: ensuring animal welfare during transport and slaughter
This collection features five peer-reviewed literature reviews on ensuring animal welfare during transport and slaughter.
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The genetic basis for pigmentation phenotypes in poultry
There is an extensive variation in plumage color in chicken and each breed of chicken has a characteristic plumage color. Major progress has been made the last 25 years as regards understanding the developmental biology of skin and feathers in birds and also the genetic basis for pigmentation phe...
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Post-harvest wheat losses in africa: an ethiopian case study
This chapter discusses the results of a 2014 questionnaire-based survey instrument used to gauge perceptions of 200 Ethiopian wheat farmers on a wide range of wheat production and post-harvest handling and storage- related topics. It outlines the methods employed in the study, the demographics of...
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The chemical and microbial safety of insect-based feed and food
This chapter discusses chemical and pathogen hazards related to industrial production of selected insect species such as the yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) and house cricket (Acheta domesticus), both of which are authorized for human food and animal feed in the European Union (EU). The chapte...
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Advances in improving the safety and quality of eggs
This book provides a comprehensive review of the latest research on key aspects of safety, quality and sustainability in poultry layer production, including recent advances on how to optimise egg quality and safety to better meet the needs and expectations of consumers.
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Key challenges and methods in identifying management zones
Management zones (MZs) are delineated to identify homogenous regions with similar field characteristics and to differentiate the inputs according to the specific needs of the crops within each zone. Delineation of MZs can be based on soil and landscape attributes and/or plant parameters. There ar...
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Optimizing the use of treated wastes in crop nutrition
Environmental concerns and depleting phosphorus reserves have led to intensified research efforts to close nutrient cycles by recycling of nutrient-rich human wastes in the last decade. Treated wastes for crop nutrition need to contain plant-available nutrients and be free of, or at least low in,...
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Chemical contaminants in milk
Developments in analytical technology now allow the identification of some contaminants in milk that were not previously considered. It is critically important that mechanisms are devised to eliminate or reduce these contaminants below the maximum limit allowed by food safety regulations. Thus, t...
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Assessing soil health by measuring fauna
This chapter provides examples of the impact of soil fauna on soil health within different ecosystems and how the soil habitat changes in relation to this biodiversity. It focuses specifically on mesofauna in agriculture, grasslands, woodlands and as bioindicators, before concluding with an overv...
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Developments in automated systems for monitoring livestock health: mastitis
Dairy farmers need on-site, real-time information regarding mastitis occurrence in order to implement appropriate management actions. Technological progress has enabled the use of sensor systems as the basis for mastitis management. In this chapter, we describe the current state of automated mast...
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Use of brackish and marginal water for irrigation in water-scarce areas
The lack of freshwater in arid and semi-arid regions makes brackish/marginal water a valuable alternative source of water for irrigation. The use of brackish water in irrigation could ensure high-yield, good quality, efficient and sustainable agricultural development if appropriate management str...
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Understanding gut microbiomes as targets for improving pig gut health
This collection summarises current research on the structure and function of the gastrointestinal tract in pigs, the factors that can influence its effectiveness, as well as the nutritional strategies that can improve gut development and optimise gut function.
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The role of crop growth models in crop improvement: integrating phenomics, envirotyping and genomic prediction
The chapter highlights the interplay of high throughput phenotyping with crop growth models (CGMs). The chapter shows how crop models can be used to explore knowledge of phenotype, environment and genotype to better understand and predict their complex interrelationships. It describes how CGMs ha...
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Composition and properties of egg white
Eggs are the most economical and abundant source of high-quality dietary protein, and are noteworthy for both their nutritional and functional properties. This chapter provides detailed information about the structure, chemical composition and functionality of egg white. Section 2 reviews the str...
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Advances in understanding the role of plant phytochemicals in preventing cancer
Increased incidences of cancer caused by dysregulated gene expression or dysfunctional genes, in addition to the side effects of chemo- and radio-therapies, have led to studies featuring more natural treatments. Various natural compounds, also called cancer-preventive, and/or phytochemicals posse...
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Advances in conventional breeding techniques for ornamentals
Sustainability in the floricultural value chain comprises a multitude of aspects, such as the economical use of resources, mainly energy, water, nutrients, and substrate ingredients such as peat, as well as the avoidance of environmental pollution by plastic wastes, fertilizers and pesticides. Se...
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Advances in tracking sediment transport from agricultural land
The distance particles are transported is important because (i) is necessary for reconciling measurements of erosion made at different scales; (ii) it impacts on travel times of pollutants that adhere to eroded soil particles; and (iii) it is important for identifying sources of pollutants in wat...
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Advances in data security for more effective decision-making in agriculture
There are two types of precision agriculture systems – those that have been hacked, and those that will be. Connectivity and information flow are the two key enabling factors for successful operation of the digital farm. These elements also represent the most vulnerable aspects open to cyber-atta...
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Banana plant propagation methods
The ease of banana propagation by taking a sucker and simply planting it has allowed farmers to multiply their banana selections and share them. The banana sucker is a resilient form of planting material as the growing point is protected within the sucker, which contains a corm with a starchy sto...
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Rebranding and reconstructing masculinity in agriculture: an overview
This chapter provides an overview of the importance of masculinity (re)construction to the work of agricultural equity and discusses how contemporary capitalist agriculture has engaged a hegemonic agricultural masculinity in order to normalise a certain type of land use and land decision-maker to...
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Developing nutritional guidelines for pigs
Pig feeding and nutrition is a crucial aspect of pig farming, as it directly impacts growth, health, and productivity from birth to market weight. In this chapter the authors consider the key factors in the setting of nutritional guidelines, such as breed and genetic traits affecting nutrient and...
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Sustainable management of african dry forests
Dry forests constitute the bulk of the African tropical forests. They support a wealth of human, animal and plant life. They are important to climate change mitigation and adaptation, and support virtually all sectors of economies. This chapter discusses the characteristics and distribution of dr...
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The use of epigenetics in poultry breeding
Epigenetics is not a commonly used in the selection of parents to breed the next generations. That is surprising as epigenetics can influence gene function, is inherited via mitosis and/or meiosis and can occur both from the female and male lines. Epigenetics have been shown to affect gene-expres...
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Optimising bio-based fertilisation for a more sustainable agriculture
This book reviews the wealth of research on optimising bio-based approaches to improve soil health, looking particularly at the differing types of soil amendments and how they can contribute to improving different elements of soil health, including soil organic matter content and soil nutrient av...
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Spectral mapping of soil organic carbon
This chapter first reviews recent pilot studies covering limited areas often with exposed bare soils. Then we focus on the challenges for large-scale application of spectral mapping when the soil and parent material are heterogeneous and surface conditions are unknown. In order to deal with these...
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Optimizing post-harvest practices in coffee cultivation
The objective of this chapter is to describe how coffee is processed, from picking coffee cherries to green coffee ready to be exported or roasted, and how to optimize each step in the processing chain.
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Identifying and managing plant health risks for key african crops: fruit and other tree crops
This chapter reviews control methods for the main pests affecting fruit and other tree crops. It describes the use of classical biological control for mango, papaya, cacao, coconut and citrus. Mango mealybug, Rastrococcus invadens, has been controlled with great success across West and Central Af...
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Disease monitoring and decision making in integrated fruit disease management
Regular inspection of fruit crops for diseases is a vital part of integrated disease management. Combining this information with that generated from disease warning systems can play a significant role in achieving perfect fruit with minimal use of fungicides. This chapter includes general discuss...
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Biologically based control strategies for managing stored-product insect pests
The search for and application of less harmful and environmentally-friendly control measures against pest organisms are general trends in agriculture and insofar in stored-product protection. As a consequence, new approaches and more alternatives for conventional chemical pesticides combined with...
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Understanding the effects of light on embryo and post-hatch chick development
Targeted illumination manifested by source, spectra, intensity, brightness and regimen became major factors in modern poultry management. Light spectra affect growth in meat type birds both in ovo and post hatch. Broilers and turkeys in ovo photostimulated with green light (GL) gained significant...
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The integration of adverse outcome pathways and aggregate exposure pathways for food safety testing: pesticides as a case study
Chemical risk assessment is moving towards non-animal approaches that rely on the mechanistic understanding of toxicity. In this respect, the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework is a promising tool to capture chemical-agnostic mechanistic understanding of toxicological processes. AOPs link a ...
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Ensuring safety and quality in the production of beef volume 2
Volume 2 reviews developments related to quality, starting with the way breeding and growth affect meat quality. The book then discusses cattle nutrition and management before concluding with an assessment of factors determining individual quality traits such as colour and flavour.
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Recent developments in multi-trait selection in dairy cattle breeding
Selection indexes, and their underlying breeding objectives, are widely used in dairy cattle breeding, and indexes tend to play an important role in selection decisions made by commercial farmers in many of the more advanced dairy industries within well developed economies. This chapter describes...
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The gut microbiota in pigs: ecology and biotherapeutics
The community of microorganisms inhabiting the intestine of mammals are referred to as the gut microbiome and are known to influence the health of their host. Despite extensive work in the last decades, we still know remarkably little about their diversity and the molecular mechanisms underlying ...
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Safe handling and movement of cocoa germplasm for breeding
Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) originated in South America, but is now cultivated in various parts of the tropics. Movement of cocoa germplasm is often required in breeding programmes to increase the genetic diversity pool or to test clones/progeny in the field. However, such movement brings with it ...
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Developing decision support systems for irrigation/water management on farms
This chapter reviews basic considerations in the development of tools to assist a decision-maker in making informed decisions and improve decision outcomes. This chapter reviews software engineering guidelines that facilitate the development of easily maintainable software tools. Water in the far...
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Advances in understanding of sugarcane plant growth and physiology
Crop yield in sugarcane is the result of how well the source leaves can supply the assimilates needed for the growth and filling of the harvestable plant. This is the source–sink relationship, which in sugarcane is still poorly understood. This chapter discusses the significant advances made in t...
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Advances in understanding and exploiting the pig genome
In recent years, pig genetics and breeding has been revolutionized by advances in genomics. This chapter outlines current developments in pig genetics and genomics including long-read sequencing, telomere-to-telomere assembly, low-pass sequencing for genomic prediction, functional genomics, fine-...
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Optimising ruminal function: the role of silage and concentrate in dairy cow nutrition to improve feed efficiency and reduce methane and nitrogen emissions
Ruminant farm animals contribute significantly to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but the emissions can be greatly reduced by nutrition. Sustainable dairy cow feeding strategy to mitigate GHG and N emissions should make the most of the unique ability of ruminants to convert local human-ine...
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Food losses and waste in the near east and north africa region
This chapter reviews the causes and prevention of food losses and waste (FLW) in the Near East and North Africa (NENA) region. It assesses current estimates of the extent of FLW and its impact on food security. The chapter also assesses what is needed to reduce FLW to improve food security in the...
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Plant factories with artificial lighting (pfals): concluding remarks
As described throughout this book, plant factories with artificial lighting (PFALs) can contribute to solving global and local issues in: 1) food safety and security, 2) environmental recovery, improvement, and creation, 3) increasing demands for a higher quality of fresh, functional, pesticide-f...
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The use of exogenous enzymes to improve feed efficiency in pigs
Exogenous feed enzymes have been in commercial use in swine diets for almost 30 years. This chapter focuses on the use of three classes of enzymes: NSP’ases, phytases and proteases. We review the evidence that their use is beneficial, and suggest likely mechanisms of action based on the evidence ...
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Advances and challenges in monitoring insect pests of major field crops in the united states
This chapter will review current insect pest monitoring systems for native and invasive pest species of corn, soybean, and cotton in the U.S. We present case studies of European corn borer, corn earworm, western bean cutworm, and corn rootworm as pests of corn; soybean aphid, stink bugs, and Japa...
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Cytogenetics of structural rearrangements in musa hybrids and cultivars
Edible bananas are diploid or triploid Musa acuminata, or hybrids of M. acuminata x M. balbisi-ana, producing nutritious seedless fruit of different taste and structure. Breeding for high yield and host plant resistance to pathogens and pests as well as adaptation to abiotic stress of im-portant ...
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Factors affecting the reproductive efficiency of boars
Efficient artificial insemination (AI) is essential for future challenges in the pig industry. Core business for AI companies worldwide is diluting semen from high fertile breeding boars, and by that inseminating many sows. Efficient use of AI boars with high genetic merit is important to maximis...
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Mitigating invasive insect species: eradication, long-term management, and the importance of sampling and monitoring
In this chapter, we introduce major concepts associated with the management of invasive insects. We then focus more deeply on eradication and long-term management, especially integrated pest management, describing common factors associated with successful programs and potential challenges of each...
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The light interception and utilisation family of crop models
There is a wide range of models in the LINTUL family of crop growth models. All are based on a simple relationship between leaf area index and light interception and the concept of light or radiation use efficiency to convert intercepted radiation into dry matter. This chapter provides an overvie...
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Advances in understanding and improving the nutraceutical properties of cranberries
American cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) are commonly consumed as juice, dried fruit or dietary supplement and a rich source of phytochemicals, particularly A-type proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins. Cranberries are perhaps best known for their protection against urinary tract infections, a b...
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A lesser-known pathogen of wheat: bipolaris sorokiniana
The filamentous fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana (teleomorph Cochliobolus sativus) is a necrotrophic cereal pathogen of significant concern in the warm, nontraditional wheat cropping regions of Southern Asia. B. sorokiniana is also recognised as the predominant causative agent of the disease complex ...
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The potential of somatic embryogenesis for commercial-scale propagation of elite cacao varieties
Plant tissue culture can be used to speed up the development and deployment of genetically improved genotypes. Research conducted by multiple groups for over 25 years has led to the development of protocols for efficient somatic embryogenesis (SE) of cacao. This chapter provides a synthesis of pu...
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The simulator of crop trait assembly, management response and adaptation crop model
SAMARA was developed to study in-silico plant type (ideotype) concepts submitted to different climatic/soil environments and management practices. The originality of the model relies on (1) the integration of substantial morphological detail of plants organ cohorts (leaves, tillers, internodes), ...
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Using biological indicators to assess the health of forest soils
In this study, we define forest soil health as “the continued capacity of soil to function as a vital living ecosystem that sustains native biodiversity, ecological balances, and ecosystem services in forests.” Soil health, a cornerstone of forest ecosystem health, has seen its assessment methods...
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Advances in understanding and improving the use of macro-minerals in poultry nutrition: the example of phosphorus
This chapter describes advances in understanding and improving the use of macro-minerals in poultry with a particular focus on phosphorus (P). The chapter begins by outlining the challenges to optimising mineral nutrition in poultry, covering the characterisation of the P value in feed ingredient...
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Key issues and challenges of integrated weed management
In order to intensify agricultural productivity while at the same time enhance ecosystem services, it is necessary to evaluate carefully how current weed-management technologies are deployed, including herbicides and herbicide-resistant crops. Herbicide chemistries and herbicide-resistant crops h...
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Developing barley crops for improved brewing quality
Barley remains the most important raw material for the brewing industry. Consequently, breeders strive to develop barley varieties for the brewhouse that enable an energy efficient and economical industrial brewing process. However, converting barley into beer is a complex process involving sever...
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Breeding improved varieties of cowpea
Cowpea is an important source of nutritious food and fodder and it is grown as an integral component of various cropping systems in the semi-arid tropics and sub-tropics covering over 65 countries. This chapter describes existing cowpea programs and past challenges, with a particular focus on cow...
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Plant genetic resources for food and agriculture for sustainable development
Plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, a common concern of all countries, are critically important for the sustainable production of the significantly more nutritious food needed to feed an ever-growing population in the face of climate change and other drivers. This entails the transl...
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Zero-tillage cultivation of maize
Zero-till cultivation of maize (Zea mays L.) is a relatively widely used production system whereby the only soil disturbance occurs with the seeding operation. The system aims to reduce erosion, improve soil physical attributes, decrease costs, and improve long-term sustainability of maize cultiv...
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Developments in thermal imaging techniques to assess livestock health
This chapter reviews the use of infrared thermography as a tool in precision livestock farming to assess livestock health. It assesses key challenges such as accounting to ambient environmental conditions as well as the development of infrared thermography technologies to address these challenges...
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The crop, land, and soil simulation (classim) group of models
Process-level crop models integrate mathematical representations of the soil-plant-atmosphere with genetic, environment, and management factors. These tools support a range of needs including on-farm decision support, scientific inquiry, crop breeding, and climate impact assessments. The USDA-ARS...
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Diseases affecting oil palm
The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is one of the world’s major sources of edible oil and a precursor of biodiesel fuel. This chapter reviews the oil palm diseases which act as a major production constraint in West Africa, South East Asia and South and Central America. The chapter also describ...
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Assessing climate change impacts on pollinators
Anthropogenic climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing biodiversity presently and into the future. Climate change, through increasing temperatures, and extreme events including droughts and fires, can be predicted to impact pollinators through a number of mechanisms, including alte...
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Advances in monitoring forest growth and health
Information derived from monitoring the status of and trends in forest resources is a critical tool for policymakers, managers, and other environmental decision makers. Advances in forest monitoring technology, particularly in the use of remote sensing, have helped deliver higher quality informat...
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Ageing, physical and chemical methods for improving tenderness and palatability of beef
The biochemical understanding of tenderization has helped in the design of more targeted approaches to improve beef tenderness through the utilization of specific enzymes. There has also been development of technologies such as SmartStretch™ and the Pi-Vac Elasto-Pack System®, which offer industr...
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The role of field margins in biodiversity conservation in agroecosystems
This chapter reviews research on ways of modifying the agricultural landscape to reverse the decline in a range of fauna and flora. The chapter starts by looking at the span of options for promoting biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. It then focuses on field margins, their characteristics a...
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Advanced technologies to accelerate sorghum breeding
Sorghum is a critically important crop, yet advanced technologies for its improvement have lagged behind other crops like rice and maize. This chapter first summarizes some of the current technologies beyond conventional breeding methods that can be utilized for crop improvement in sorghum. Some ...
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Instant insights: understanding and tackling fusarium wilt of banana
This book provides a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology of Fusarium wilt of banana, the role of monoculture in its spread, as well as best practices to control future outbreaks, including specialised breeding programmes and genetic engineering.
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Russian wheat aphid (diuraphis noxia): an overview
Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) occurs on all the world’s continents and has been extensively studied. This chapter aims to give an overview of this somewhat unusual grain aphid. The damage this aphid can cause is notorious, however focusing on commonalities associated with pesti...
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Drainage systems to support sustainable water use
In arid and semi-arid regions of the world, rainfall is supplemented by irrigation, and drainage is needed to prevent irrigation-induced waterlogging and soil salinization. Drainage systems are man-made systems that are only implemented when natural drainage is insufficient for a satisfactory for...
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Understanding smallholders in oil palm cultivation: a case study from sumatra
This chapter provides insights about oil palm smallholders in the Riau province of Sumatra, Indonesia, based on two recent sets of data. Based on two surveys conducted in 2013 and in 2015, the chapter characterises smallholders’ production structures, relying on the methodological framework elabo...
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Key challenges in breeding durable disease-resistant cereals: north africa and west asia
This chapter reviews progress and challenges in breeding disease-resistant cereals in the West Asia and North Africa (WANA) region. It discusses challenges in ensuring durable resistance in the face of constantly-evolving pathogen threats. It includes case studies on progress in combatting rust d...
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Pre- and post-harvest strategies to optimize fruit quality and shelf life
Ensuring a sustainable tree fruit industry with regard to post-harvest quality management involves engaging approaches and technologies that encompass both pre- and post-harvest issues. The adoption of new, non-destructive technologies is important for quantifying and evaluating the challenge of ...
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Fertigation techniques for efficient water and nutrient use in agriculture
Irrigated agriculture constitutes about 20% of the total cultivated land in the world, has much higher crop productivity compared to rainfed agriculture and contributes significantly to meeting the challenge of feeding the world. However, water resources are very limited, especially in the arid a...
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Advances in understanding the genetics of sow prolificacy: reproductive performance, trade-offs and management solutions
Genetic selection for higher ovulation rate has increased the number of piglets born per litter. The increase in litter size has been accompanied by an increased proportion of low birthweight piglets and piglets with signs of intra uterine growth restriction (IUGR), Conception rates have increase...
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Advances in sustainable dairy cattle nutrition
This collection reviews the wealth of research on recent advances in improving dairy cattle nutrition to balance the needs of animals with minimising the environmental impact of both livestock feed and dairy production.
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Modelling impacts of agriculture on freshwater
Agriculture greatly impacts water resources due to the high volumes of irrigation water consumed in crop production. Additionally, agricultural activities affect hydrological cycles through land-use changes and soil modifications, which may lead to pollution of water bodies. On a local level, the...
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Ripening systems for bananas
The correct ripening of bananas is essential for optimum taste, appearance, shelf life and consumer satisfaction. This chapter reviews the skills and technologies needed for successful ripening, together with innovations and recent developments. Advice on procedures and best practice throughout t...
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Advances in the use of biocontrol agents to control diseases in potatoes
Potato production faces significant challenges from a wide range of diseases, which have traditionally been managed using synthetic fungicides. However, increasing concerns over environmental impacts, the development of pathogen resistance, and public health risks have led to the exploration of b...
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Pressures on tropical forests: agriculture, trade and illegality
This chapter reviews some of the main pressures on tropical forests, starting with an overview of recent rates of deforestation. The drivers of this loss of tropical forests are summarised, and the main ones – clearance of forests for agriculture, often linked to global trade flows, and, to a les...
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Welfare issues affecting free-range laying hens
Free-range laying hen production systems involve providing flocks of hens with the chance to use minimally controlled outdoor areas, rather than keeping them in intensive, environmentally controlled, indoor housing. Such systems are considered more natural and ethical. However, highly productive ...
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Improving the management of parasites in organic dairy farming
Parasites of animals constitute an important part of any ecosystem, including livestock production systems. This chapter summarizes the most important internal parasite infections and problems typically recognized in organic dairy farming, including cryptosporidiosis and coccidiosis in young calv...
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Humic substances (hs) as plant biostimulants in agriculture
This chapter reviews how humic substances (HS) can be used as plant biostimulants in agriculture. It begins by describing how humic substances are produced and highlights different characteristics of these substances. It then goes on to review how humic substances can be used in terms of plant gr...
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Weed management in conservation agriculture systems
This collection provides a comprehensive overview of the recent research on ways to optimise weed management in Conservation Agriculture systems without reliance on herbicides such as glyphosate.
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Advances in the use of entomopathogenic bacteria/microbial control agents (mcas) as biopesticides in suppressing crop insect pests
Biopesticides based on entomopathogenic bacteria are the most economically successful microbial pesticides and an effective and safe alternative to increase sustainability of agricultural crop production. Hallmarks of bacterial biopesticides include potent and highly specific insecticidal activit...
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The principles of organic livestock farming
Organic animal farming is guided by considerations of naturalness, systems thinking and sustainability, and the four IFOAM principles of health, ecology, fairness and care. The principle of health emphasises the connectedness of different parts of the system and seeks high animal health status th...
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Mango cultivation in greenhouses
Mangoes are grown throughout South East Asia and in around one hundred countries all over the tropical and subtropical belt. In Japan, as well as in Spain and Portugal, they are cultivated in greenhouses and specific techniques are used to maximise the production and quality and to ensure efficie...
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Environmental physiology of ornamental crops
Ornamental horticulture is one of the most challenging sectors of agriculture. Growers produce hundreds of species from all over the world to market at a specific time of year or for a holiday. To achieve this, growers must have a sophisticated understanding of the environmental physiology of pla...
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Advances in postharvest physiology, technology and handling of fresh avocado
Optimal postharvest handling of avocado fruit is essential for the preservation of quality and prolonging postharvest life. Avocados are climacteric fruit and one of the very few fruits that do not fully ripen on the tree, but only after harvest. This chapter describes the most important physiolo...
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Biopesticides for sustainable agriculture
Part 1 of this collection reviews research on developing and assessing new biopesticides. Part 2 summarises advances in different types of entomopathogenic biopesticide. Part 3 assesses semiochemical, peptide-based and other natural substance-based biopesticides.
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Developments in precision livestock farming (plf)
This chapter begins by defining what precision livestock farming (PLF) is and briefly reviewing its origins and development. It then takes a step back to review the broader context into which PLF fits, reviewing trends in livestock production, the increasingly complex challenges it faces as well ...
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Developments in automated systems for monitoring livestock health: lameness
Lameness is a key issue for commercially managed livestock species such as dairy cattle. Lameness can lead to significant economic impacts for farmers and to ongoing health and welfare problems for animals. However, lameness detection remains a difficult and time-consuming task and there is a nee...
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Studying agri-food supply chains: an analytical framework
Agri-food supply chains have unique characteristics and challenges for which we need an appropriate analytical framework. In addressing these issues, we first discuss agri-food supply chain characteristics, after which we provide a framework for designing agri-food supply chains. The chapter also...
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Improving nutrient management in sugarcane cultivation
A nutrient management strategy which relies on the total replacement of all nutrients in the biomass is not sustainable from an economic or environmental point of view. This chapter therefore reviews more sustainable strategies for nutrient management in sugarcane cultivation. It begins by discus...
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Humane slaughter techniques for pigs
For pigs, the day of slaughter includes a variety of potentially stressful elements, and this leads to animal welfare concerns. This chapter reviews how recent research can be applied in the development of new technologies and procedures to ensure a high level of welfare for pigs, while also incr...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of wheat volume 2
Volume 2 discusses ways of improving cultivation from variety selection to post-harvest storage. It reviews trends in integrated crop management, sustainable intensification and organic cultivation before concluding by looking at ways of supporting smallholders in the developing world.
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