Mathematics

The fundamental contributions made by the late Victor Lomonosov in several areas of analysis are revisited in this book, in particular, by presenting new results and future directions from world-recognized specialists in the field. The invariant subspace problem, Burnside’s theorem, and the Bishop-Phelps theorem are discussed in detail. This volume is an essential reference to both researchers and graduate students in mathematical analysis.

Bessel functions have the peculiarity of being functions of two independent variables: argument and order. They have been studied extensively because of their countless applications, but the vast majority of available literature is devoted to the case of fixed order, variable argument. This two-volume work explores the opposite case.

This volume focuses on properties of the functions and mathematical operations with respect to the order.

A computer algebra system such as Mathematica® is able to do much more than just numerics: This text shows how to tackle real mathematical problems from basic analysis. The reader learns how Mathematica® represents domains, qualifiers and limits to implement actual proofs – a requirement to unlock the huge potential of Mathematica® for a variety of applications.

The second edition covers the introduction to the main mathematical tools of nonlinear functional analysis, which are also used in the study of concrete problems in economics, engineering, and physics. The new edition includes some new topics on Banach spaces of functions and measures and nonlinear analysis.

This volume contains selected refereed papers based on lectures presented at the ‘Integers Conference 2007’, an international conference in combinatorial number theory that was held in Carrollton, Georgia in October 2007.

The proceedings include contributions from many distinguished speakers, including George Andrews, Neil Hindman, Florian Luca, Carl Pomerance, Ken Ono and Igor E. Shparlinski. Among the topics considered in these papers are additive number theory, multiplicative number theory, sequences, elementary number theory, theory of partitions, and Ramsey theory.

The book timely surveys new research results and related developments in Diophantine approximation, a division of number theory which deals with the approximation of real numbers by rational numbers. The book is appended with a list of challenging open problems and a comprehensive list of references.

From the contents: Field extensions • Algebraic numbers • Algebraic geometry • Height functions • The abc-conjecture • Roth's theorem • Subspace theorems • Vojta's conjectures • L-functions.

By connecting dynamical systems and number theory, this graduate textbook on ergodic theory acts as an introduction to a highly active area of mathematics, where a variety of strands of research open up. The text explores various concepts in infinite ergodic theory, always using continued fractions and other number-theoretic dynamical systems as illustrative examples.

Contents:
Preface
Mathematical symbols
Number-theoretical dynamical systems
Basic ergodic theory
Renewal theory and α-sum-level sets
Infinite ergodic theory
Applications of infinite ergodic theory
Bibliography
Index

This book is summarizing the results of the workshop "Uniform Distribution and Quasi-Monte Carlo Methods" of the RICAM Special Semester on "Applications of Algebra and Number Theory" in October 2013.

The survey articles in this book focus on number theoretic point constructions, uniform distribution theory, and quasi-Monte Carlo methods. As deterministic versions of the Monte Carlo method, quasi-Monte Carlo rules enjoy increasing popularity, with many fruitful applications in mathematical practice, as for example in finance, computer graphics, and biology.

The goal of this book is to give an overview of recent developments in uniform distribution theory, quasi-Monte Carlo methods, and their applications, presented by leading experts in these vivid fields of research.

Diese kompakte Einführung in die Gebiete der Analytischen Zahlentheorie, die den Primzahlsatz, den Satz über Primzahlen in arithmetischen Folgen und die Riemannsche zeta-Funktion zum Gegenstand hat, wurde für einen einsemestrigen Kurs für Studierende der Mathematik an der Universität Innsbruck konzipiert. Die anregende Darstellung und der Einschluss der Resultate aus der Analysis, Funktionentheorie und Gruppentheorie, auf die die Analytische Zahlentheorie zurückgreift, erlauben ebenso die Benutzung des Buches zum Selbststudium, wie auch als Nachschlagewerk für Mathematiker aus anderen Bereichen.

Inhalt
Größenordnungen zahlentheoretischer Funktionen
Dirichlet-Reihen
Der Primzahlsatz
Die zeta-Funktion auf der komplexen Ebene ℂ
Anhang: Hilfsresultate aus der Analysis, der Funktionentheorie und der Gruppentheorie

This volume contains the proceedings of the conference "Casimir Force, Casimir Operators and the Riemann Hypothesis – Mathematics for Innovation in Industry and Science" held in November 2009 in Fukuoka (Japan). The motive for the conference was the celebration of the 100th birthday of Casimir and the 150th birthday of the Riemann hypothesis.

The conference focused on the following topics:

• Casimir operators in harmonic analysis and representation theory
• Number theory, in particular zeta functions and cryptography
• Casimir force in physics and its relation with nano-science
• Mathematical biology
• Importance of mathematics for innovation in industry

The latter topic was inspired both by the call for innovation in industry worldwide and by the fact that Casimir, who was the director of Philips research for a long time in his career, had an outspoken opinion on the importance of fundamental science for industry.

These proceedings are of interest both to research mathematicians and to those interested in the role science, and in particular mathematics, can play in innovation in industry.

This is the revised and extended second edition of the successful basic book on computer arithmetic. It is consistent with the newest recent standard developments in the field. The book shows how the arithmetic and mathematical capability of the digital computer can be enhanced in a quite natural way. The work is motivated by the desire and the need to improve the accuracy of numerical computing and to control the quality of the computed results (validity). The accuracy requirements for the elementary floating-point operations are extended to the customary product spaces of computations including interval spaces. The mathematical properties of these models are extracted into an axiomatic approach which leads to a general theory of computer arithmetic. Detailed methods and circuits for the implementation of this advanced computer arithmetic on digital computers are developed in part two of the book. Part three then illustrates by a number of sample applications how this extended computer arithmetic can be used to compute highly accurate and mathematically verified results. The book can be used as a high-level undergraduate textbook but also as reference work for research in computer arithmetic and applied mathematics.

Band 8 schließt die Edition der mathematischen Schriften aus Leibniz’ außerordentlich produktiven Jahren in Paris ab. Er umfasst 77 zwischen 1670 und 1676 niedergeschriebene Texte; etwa zwei Drittel von diesen werden hier erstmalig gedruckt. Der Band enthält zum einen Nachträge zu den bisherigen sieben Bänden, welche sich dementsprechend mit Fragen der Geometrie, Zahlentheorie, Algebra und Infinitesimalmathematik sowie mit Differenzen, Folgen und Reihen befassen. Zum anderen präsentiert der Band Texte zu weiteren, bisher nicht behandelten Gebieten. In diesen Varia mathematica erörtert Leibniz beispielsweise Fragen der Kombinatorik, beschäftigt sich mit zwei grundlegenden Problemen der Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie, führt Rechnungen im Sexagesimalsystem durch, setzt sich mit der Geschichte der Mathematik und ihrer Methoden auseinander, entwirft mathematische Instrumente (insbesondere den Constructor, einen Apparat zur Lösung algebraischer Gleichungen) oder befasst sich mit der Gleichungslösung mit Hilfe von Logarithmen. Hervorhebenswert sind nicht zuletzt auch Leibniz’ Exzerpte aus Schriften von Blaise Pascal oder René Descartes – etwa die Cartesii cogitationes privatae –, die teilweise heute deren einzige Überlieferung darstellen.

The Divine Proportion reveals a number of simple patterns: It is seen in the seed patterns of fruits, the family tree of bees, the pyramids of Egypt, Gothic cathedrals, Renaissance paintings, the human body, shells ... the list is endless.

Mathematicians use the Greek symbol Φ to represent the Divine Proportion and equate it to a number that is defined by the ratio (1 + √5) / 2 or 1.6180339.... Numbers do little, however, in describing this unique ratio that is found everywhere in nature and for 2500 years has been an aesthetic guide in art and architecture.
Beginning with calculations found on clay tablets in ancient Babylon, the story of Divine Proportion can be traced alongside the history of numbers to the fractals of the digital age. As its many forms unfold we uncover the Golden Rectangle in the Parthenon, Golden Spirals in the human inner ear, a Golden Angle in the petal patterns of a rose, and the Fibonacci numbers in lilies, daisies, pineapples, and in our own DNA.

With its natural balance and elegant beauty, the Divine Proportion is a perpetual reminder that our hope for regeneration and continuity lies in realizing the meaningful and harmonious relationship of all the parts to the whole.

This book deals with the Divine Proportion, a secret code that rules art, nature, and science. It is known by many names: Golden Mean, Sacred Cut and Phi are only a few; and it is not by chance that the Divine Proportion was given its name. It has been called divine because over thousands of years it has been deemed to be so.

The Divine Proportion reveals a number of simple patterns: It is seen in the seed patterns of fruits, the family tree of bees, the pyramids of Egypt, Gothic cathedrals, Renaissance paintings, the human body, shells ... the list is endless.

Mathematicians use the Greek symbol Φ to represent the Divine Proportion and equate it to a number that is defined by the ratio (1 + √5) / 2 or 1.6180339.... Numbers do little, however, in describing this unique ratio that is found everywhere in nature and for 2500 years has been an aesthetic guide in art and architecture.
Beginning with calculations found on clay tablets in ancient Babylon, the story of Divine Proportion can be traced alongside the history of numbers to the fractals of the digital age. As its many forms unfold we uncover the Golden Rectangle in the Parthenon, Golden Spirals in the human inner ear, a Golden Angle in the petal patterns of a rose, and the Fibonacci numbers in lilies, daisies, pineapples, and in our own DNA.

With its natural balance and elegant beauty, the Divine Proportion is a perpetual reminder that our hope for regeneration and continuity lies in realizing the meaningful and harmonious relationship of all the parts to the whole.

This book deals with the Divine Proportion, a secret code that rules art, nature, and science. It is known by many names: Golden Mean, Sacred Cut and Phi are only a few; and it is not by chance that the Divine Proportion was given its name. It has been called divine because over thousands of years it has been deemed to be so.

This monograph is devoted to harmonic analysis and potential theory. The authors study these essentials carefully and present recent researches based on the papers including by authors in an accessible manner for graduate students and researchers in pure and applied analysis.

The book introduces a new form of mathematical logic called "Information Oriented Logic" (IOL). It demonstrates that IOL is capable of solving various classical and non-classical logic problems that cannot be solved by traditional methods of logic. In this book, it is argued that two meaningful declarative sentences or symbols can make the same statement if they express the same thing or referent in different ways. The book treats a piece of information as the referent for a meaningful declarative sentence, thus inventing information-oriented logic. As a result, this book provides a comprehensive guide to this logic. Unlike traditional logic, which uses declarative sentences as the result of logical expressions, this new logic uses pieces of information. The book is intended for undergraduate and graduate students, as well as scholars applying mathematical logic to various fields such as philosophy, linguistics, ontology, information theory, computer science, etc. Additionally, it provides a new mereology in which all implications of a piece of information are its parts.

This reference discusses how automata and language theory can be used to understand solutions to solving equations in groups and word problems in groups. Examples presented include, how Fine scale complexity theory has entered group theory via these connections and how cellular automata, has been generalized into a group theoretic setting. Chapters written by experts in group theory and computer science explain these connections.

The first three books of the Conica deals with the basic elements of the theory of conical sections, before Apollonius turns to particular problems in the following books. Until recently these three books were only known from Eutocius’ text. However, they were known to be part of an Arabic translation of a Greek version independent of Eutocius’ text.

A close study of the Arabic texts of books 2 and 3 leads to the same conclusion as that which, as a result of the new edition, was reached for the first book: that the Greek version provides a better and sounder text. This volume provides a first critical edition of the Arabic text, the first translation of it into a modern language and a detailed historical and mathematical commentary.

Volume 2.3, containing the Greek translations of books II-IV, completes the edition of the Conica of Apollonius of Perga. It is arranged according to the same principle as the previous volume on book I: the critical edition of the Greek text is accompanied by numerous notes and a lexicon of all mathematical terms. An introduction and a French translation provide further insights into the text. The edition of the Greek books of the Conica will be thematically complemented by volume 3 of the SGA series, containing the critical edition of Eutocius of Ascalon's commentary on the Conica and its French translation.

Bessel functions have the peculiarity of being functions of two independent variables: argument and order. They have been studied extensively because of their countless applications, but the vast majority of available literature is devoted to the case of fixed order, variable argument. This two-volume work explores the opposite case.

This volume focuses on properties of the functions and mathematical operations with respect to the order.

Iterative Methods for Fixed Points of Nonlinear Operators offers an introduction into iterative methods of fixed points for nonexpansive mappings, pseudo-contrations in Hilbert Spaces and in Banach Spaces. Iterative methods of zeros for accretive mappings in Banach Spaces and monotone mappings in Hilbert Spaces are also discussed. It is an essential work for mathematicians and graduate students in nonlinear analysis.

This is the second updated and extended edition of the successful book on Feynman-Kac theory. It offers a state-of-the-art mathematical account of functional integration methods in the context of self-adjoint operators and semigroups using the concepts and tools of modern stochastic analysis. In the second volume, these ideas are applied principally to a rigorous treatment of some fundamental models of quantum field theory.

The theory of distributions has numerous applications and is extensively used in mathematics, physics and engineering. There is however relatively little elementary expository literature on distribution theory. This book is intended as an introduction. Starting with the elementary theory of distributions, it proceeds to convolution products of distributions, Fourier and Laplace transforms, tempered distributions, summable distributions and applications. The theory is illustrated by several examples, mostly beginning with the case of the real line and then followed by examples in higher dimensions. This is a justified and practical approach, it helps the reader to become familiar with the subject. A moderate number of exercises are added.

It is suitable for a one-semester course at the advanced undergraduate or beginning graduate level or for self-study.

Dieser Titel aus dem De Gruyter-Verlagsarchiv ist digitalisiert worden, um ihn der wissenschaftlichen Forschung zugänglich zu machen. Da der Titel erstmals im Nationalsozialismus publiziert wurde, ist er in besonderem Maße in seinem historischen Kontext zu betrachten. Mehr erfahren Sie hier.

Wie kann es unendlich kleine reelle und unendlich große natürliche Zahlen geben? Und wie können wir solche Zahlen für die Lehre der Analysis nutzen und gleichzeitig Reflexionen über die Grundlagen der Mathematik anregen? Dieses Werk gibt detailliert Antworten und zeigt, dass die Nonstandard-Analysis nicht nur für die Lehre, sondern auch für das Verständnis der Standard-Analysis und der Mathematik insgesamt außerordentlich wertvoll ist.

Maximally subelliptic partial differential equations (PDEs) are a far-reaching generalization of elliptic PDEs. Elliptic PDEs hold a special place: sharp results are known for general linear and even fully nonlinear elliptic PDEs. Over the past half-century, important results for elliptic PDEs have been generalized to maximally subelliptic PDEs. This text presents this theory and generalizes the sharp, interior regularity theory for general linear and fully nonlinear elliptic PDEs to the maximally subelliptic setting.

The book Sequences and Series in Calculus is designed as the first college/university calculus course for students who take and do well on the AP AB exam in high school and who are interested in a more proof-oriented treatment of calculus. The text begins with an ε-ℕ treatment of sequence convergence, then builds on this to discuss convergence of series—first series of real numbers, then series of functions. The difference between uniform and pointwise convergence is discussed in some detail. This is followed by a discussion of calculus on power series and Taylor series. Finally improper integrals, integration by parts and partial fractions integration all are introduced.

This book is designed both to teach calculus, and to give the readers and students a taste of analysis to help them determine if they wish to study this material even more deeply. It might be used by colleges and universities who teach special versions of calculus courses for their most mathematically advanced entering first-year students, as might its older sibling text Multivariable and Vector Calculus which appeared in 2020 and is intended for students who take and do well on the AP BC exam.

Quantum mechanics is arguably one of the most successful scientific theories ever and its applications to chemistry, optics, and information theory are innumerable. This book provides the reader with a rigorous treatment of the main mathematical tools from harmonic analysis which play an essential role in the modern formulation of quantum mechanics. This allows us at the same time to suggest some new ideas and methods, with a special focus on topics such as the Wigner phase space formalism and its applications to the theory of the density operator and its entanglement properties. This book can be used with profit by advanced undergraduate students in mathematics and physics, as well as by confirmed researchers.

This volume introduces noncommutative integration theory on semifinite von Neumann algebras and the theory of singular traces for symmetric operator spaces. Deeper aspects of the association between measurability, poles and residues of spectral zeta functions, and asymptotics of heat traces are studied. Applications in Connes’ noncommutative geometry that are detailed include integration of quantum differentials, measures on fractals, and Connes’ character formula concerning the Hochschild class of the Chern character.

Dieses Buch umfaßt einen Grundkurs und einen Aufbaukurs. Der Grundkurs ist voraussetzungsfrei geschrieben und führt den Leser in die Semantik und Beweistheorie der Aussagenlogik und elementaren Prädikatenlogik ein, eingebettet in die allgemeine Theorie des rationalen Schließens. Auf die philosophische Anwendung der Logik in der logischen Rekonstruktion natursprachlicher Argumente liegt besonderes Augenmerk. Zusammenhänge zwischen alternativen logischen Notationen und Techniken werden sorgfältig erklärt. Der anschließende Aufbaukurs schlägt die Brücke zwischen einer philosophischen Logikeinführung und dem fortgeschrittenen Niveau moderner formaler Logik. Nach einer gründlichen Einführung in die volle Prädikatenlogik und ihrer Semantik wendet sich der Band metalogischen Methoden zu. Prominente Resultate zur Korrektheit und Vollständigkeit der Prädikatenlogik, Unentscheidbarkeit der Prädikatenlogik und Unvollständigkeit der Arithmetik 1. Stufe werden Schritt um Schritt erklärt. Abgerundet wird der Band durch vertiefende Exkurse und zahlreiche Übungen mit Lösungen zum Download. Die 2. revidierte Auflage wurde inhaltlich und didaktisch gründlich überarbeitet.

This text on measure theory with applications to partial differential equations covers general measure theory, Lebesgue spaces of real-valued and vector-valued functions, different notions of measurability for the latter, weak convergence of functions and measures, Radon and Young measures, capacity. A comprehensive discussion of applications to quasilinear parabolic and hyperbolic problems is provided.

This specialized and authoritative book contains an overview of modern approaches to constructing approximations to solutions of ill-posed operator equations, both linear and nonlinear. These approximation schemes form a basis for implementable numerical algorithms for the stable solution of operator equations arising in contemporary mathematical modeling, and in particular when solving inverse problems of mathematical physics. The book presents in detail stable solution methods for ill-posed problems using the methodology of iterative regularization of classical iterative schemes and the techniques of finite dimensional and finite difference approximations of the problems under study. Special attention is paid to ill-posed Cauchy problems for linear operator differential equations and to ill-posed variational inequalities and optimization problems. The readers are expected to have basic knowledge in functional analysis and differential equations. The book will be of interest to applied mathematicians and specialists in mathematical modeling and inverse problems, and also to advanced students in these fields.

Contents
Introduction
Regularization Methods For Linear Equations
Finite Difference Methods
Iterative Regularization Methods
Finite-Dimensional Iterative Processes
Variational Inequalities and Optimization Problems

This monograph is concerned with wavelet harmonic analysis on the sphere. By starting with orthogonal polynomials and functional Hilbert spaces on the sphere, the foundations are laid for the study of spherical harmonics such as zonal functions. The book also discusses the construction of wavelet bases using special functions, especially Bessel, Hermite, Tchebychev, and Gegenbauer polynomials.

Contents
Review of orthogonal polynomials
Homogenous polynomials and spherical harmonics
Review of special functions
Spheroidal-type wavelets Some applications
Some applications

Subsurface flow problems are inherently multiscale in space due to the large variability of material properties and in time due to the coupling of many different physical processes, such as advection, diffusion, reaction and phase exchange. Subsurface flow models still need considerable development. For example, nonequilibrium effects, entrapped air, anomalous dispersion and hysteresis effects can still not be adequately described. Moreover, parameters of the models are diffcult to access and often uncertain. Computational issues in subsurface flows include the treatment of strong heterogeneities and anisotropies in the models, the effcient solution of transport-reaction problems with many species, treatment of multiphase-multicomponent flows and the coupling of subsurface flow models to surface flow models given by shallow water or Stokes equations. With respect to energy and the environment, in particular the modelling and simulation of radioactive waste management and sequestration of CO₂ underground have gained high interest in the community in recent years. Both applications provide unique challenges ranging from modelling of clay materials to treating very large scale models with high-performance computing.

This book brings together key numerical mathematicians whose interest is in the analysis and computation of multiscale subsurface flow and practitioners from engineering and industry whose interest is in the applications of these core problems.