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Advances in understanding mechanisms of porcine viral disease transmission/epidemiology
The stability, productivity, sustainability and profitability of the global swine industry depend upon many factors and conditions, including infectious diseases. These diseases have a significant impact on animal health worldwide, and in some instances upon human health due to their zoonotic imp...
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Aetiology, diagnosis and control of mastitis in dairy herds
Mastitis is one of the most economically important diseases in dairy production. Associated costs include treatment, culling, death and decreased milk production, and cow welfare is also compromised. This chapter reviews the indicators of mastitis and the contagious and environmental pathogens wh...
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Optimizing livestock manure as a source of nitrogen and other nutrients
Manure has long been recognized as a valuable source of nutrients. The product is dynamic, and an understanding of both chemical and biological mechanisms is required to optimize its use. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of manure. Here, the basics of manure composition, collection,...
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Advances in understanding plant root responses to root-feeding insects
This chapter presents an overview of the interactions between plant roots and root-feeding insect herbivores, focussing on changes in growth and physiology and crucially how roots are defended against insect attack. Several reviews have covered the ecology and management of insect root herbivores...
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Gastrointestinal development in pigs: implications for nutrition and performance
This chapter discusses the pivotal developmental changes within a pig's gastrointestinal system (GIT) across various life stages, emphasizing their importance for achieving growth, health, and feed efficiency. The authors begin by describing how during the prenatal phase, the GIT experiences subs...
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Advances and challenges in raspberry and blackberry breeding
Raspberries and blackberries (Rubus spp.) are important fruit crops that have gained substantial economic interest. Since 1996, berry production has been increasing. With the advent of economic and environmental constraints, sustainability is also becoming increasingly important. This chapter foc...
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Understanding the relationship between the microbiome and the structure and function of the pig gastrointestinal tract
The gut epithelium acts as a barrier to the gut environment. The integrity of the epithelial structure and function is thus critical for microbiome-host interaction. The gut microbiome can regulate the utilization and synthesis of mucin, the expressions of the intercellular junction complex, and ...
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Advances in understanding agroecosystems ecology and its applications in integrated pest management
Achieving the theoretical goal of integrated pest management (IPM), maintaining pest populations at levels below an economic threshold through a combination of tactics, has so far proved difficult to attain. Production systems, particularly specialized commodity production based on economies of s...
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Encouraging integrated pest management uptake in horticultural crop production
Despite integrated pest management (IPM) practices being taught and researched for over six decades, farmers' adoption of such practices has been limited. Integrated pest management is a comprehensive management approach that utilizes multiple strategies to keep pest populations below economic th...
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Supporting smallholders in soybean cultivation: the example of zimbabwe
Low crop productivity due to soil fertility decline is a major challenge constraining maize-based smallholder farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa. The decline in soil fertility is largely due to continuous cropping without soil replenishment and reduced N2 fixation. In Zimbabwe, soybean has eme...
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Sustainable sweet cherry cultivation: a case study for designing optimized orchard production systems
Sweet cherries are an inherently challenging crop to produce sustainably, subject to crop loss from climatic events, birds, insects, and diseases, and requiring extensive manual labor due to large tree canopies and small delicate fruits. Nevertheless, cherry production has increased dramatically ...
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Grassland management to minimize the environmental impact of dairy farming
Minimizing the environmental impact of dairy farming with perennial forage systems management is a complex process. The aim is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (enteric methane, nitrous oxide from soil and carbon dioxide from equipment and fertilizer use), adapt to the effects of climate change...
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Developments in the use of enhanced efficiency nitrogen fertilizers
To sustainably feed a growing population, we need to increase the efficiency of nitrogen (N) fertilizers while reducing their negative impacts on the environment. Enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs) show promise in reducing the loss of reactive N (Nr: all species of N except N2) to the environ...
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Developments in water sharing and water trading
Different strategies in water management exist to deal with water scarcity issues in agriculture. This chapter provides an overview of the fundamentals and developments of two water allocation/demand management strategies, i.e. water sharing and water trading, with a focus on the Australian exper...
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The role of drought-induced proteins in regulating drought tolerance in cereals
Cereals provide a majority of caloric intake of the human population on earth. Projected population growth will require future increases in global grain production in the coming decades. However, many studies have demonstrated that increasing global warming trends will lead to hotter and drier cl...
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Doubled haploid (dh) production for barley
Current European barley breeding programs predominately rely on doubled haploid (DH) technology delivering several essential advantages, such as accelerated development of homozygous genotypes, early recognition of major recessive traits, enabling to select faster and much more robust, and facili...
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Emerging protein sources for poultry feed
The global poultry industry tends to depend on a limited number of feed ingredients, which face a number of environmental and other problems. The objective of this chapter is to examine emerging, alternative ingredients for potential use locally or for development into global protein sources for ...
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Instant insights: intercropping
This collection provides a comprehensive overview of the use of intercropping across agriculture, focussing on its use to manage and improve soil health, as well as its use in temperate agroforestry systems to mitigate the sector’s environmental impact.
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Functional agrobiodiversity for the provision of agroecosystem services
In the context of sustainable agricultural development, the provision of other services beyond production is becoming a priority. We contend that a functional approach to agrobiodiversity is the best approach to meeting such goal in both research and agricultural practice. We have traced the deve...
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Organic dairy farming in europe: building on the past to develop the future
The founding principles of organic farming (health, ecology, fairness and care) guide the overall ethos of organic farming in an ever-changing environment. Using these principles, this introductory chapter discusses the key environmental, welfare, economic and other challenges facing contemporary...
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Commercial products promoting plant health in african agriculture
The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) usually delivers its products free of charge to national programmes and farmers, but in two projects described in this chapter, most costs were transferred to users through commercialization. This chapter explores the development and appl...
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The role of ammonium transport proteins in improving nitrogen use efficiency in crop production
Nitrogen (N) is a key macronutrient required for plant growth and reproduction. Ammonium (NH4+) is a readily available nitrogen source for plant growth and an important contributor to net plant nitrogen uptake and utilisation. It is suggested that members of the high-affinity ammonium transporter...
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The role of gene banks in preserving the genetic diversity of cacao
Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is an important tree crop for millions of farmers and for the multi-billion dollar chocolate industry but is derived from a limited genetic diversity. The centre of diversity of cacao is being deforested, thereby increasing genetic erosion, but fortunately a wealth of g...
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Food waste in food services
Food services generate significant amounts of food waste, which is originally edible and already prepared for eating, causing unnecessary impacts on the environment and the economy. Food waste studies have been conducted with varying methods and there are also large differences between food servi...
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Developments in the use of fertilizers
Fertilizers are a blessing and a curse. Fertilization was a large component of the Green Revolution, resulting in unprecedented and continued yield increases; enabling abundant food, fuel, and fiber and leading to longer and better quality lives for much of earth’s population. However, progress c...
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The nutritional role of eggs
Eggs are an affordable, accessible and nutrient-dense form of food, and as such make a valuable addition to human diet. This chapter begins by reviewing the nutrient composition of chicken eggs. It then considers the relationship between egg consumption and human health and disease. This includes...
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Advances in screenhouse design and practice for protected cultivation
The increasing world population, along with water and land shortages and climate change, lead growers worldwide to protected cultivation systems. The screenhouse, built with a skeleton of basic construction elements enveloped by a porous screen, is one example of such systems. Another protected c...
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Improving standards and certification in agri-food supply chains
This collection reviews the range of principles and standards that have been developed and the ways to optimise their contribution to achieving safe, sustainable and socially responsible agricultural production.
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Advances in understanding color development in poultry meat
The demand for poultry meat will surpass other meats as an animal protein source. Poultry is considered white meat due to its lower myoglobin content than red meats. Consumers often associate fresh meat color with quality. Any deviation from a consumer-preferred color leads to less acceptance. Th...
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Advances in understanding apple fruit development
Understanding the ways in which apples grow and develop is crucial for achieving sustainable apple cultivation, which means a regulated crop of apples that provides as high a yield as possible of desired quality while allowing the development of a good and consistent return bloom and cropping in ...
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Developing improved varieties of pigeonpea
Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] is a high protein pulse crop which grows well under biotic and abiotic stress situations. It could play a significant role in meeting the challenges of food security in the tropics and sub-tropics, under the looming threat of drought, warm climate, and risin...
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Migrant labour in agriculture: ethical issues and challenges
This chapter discusses the key role of migrant workers in agriculture as well as policies regulating their role and conditions of employment. There is a particular focus on the European Union (EU) with the example of Italy to illustrate issues and policies at a national level. The chapter discuss...
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Conservation agriculture systems: soil health and landscape management
At the core of Conservation Agriculture (CA) is the transformation towards soil health and systems management innovation with emphasis on regenerative carbon management. This chapter documents the role of CA systems in relation to soil health and soil function. The three principles of: 1) permane...
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Understanding the contribution of milk constituents to the texture of dairy products: fermented products
This chapter discusses the impact of the main milk components protein, fat and lactose on the texture of fermented milk. It is the three-dimensional protein network formed upon microbial acidification, which primarily dominates the properties of the final milk gel. Main factors of influence are t...
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Crop rotation: a sustainable system for maize production
Modern agriculture has led to a simplification of maize-based cropping systems and the extensive practice of monoculture maize (MM). This has led to problems such as yield reduction and soil quality degradation. Meanwhile, the overuse of inorganic fertilizer to increase yields comes with a high e...
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Alternatives to antibiotics in preventing zoonoses and other pathogens in poultry: prebiotics and related compounds
Despite efforts to develop control measures to reduce the contamination of poultry products, food-borne illness remains a major concern to processors and consumers. Various interventions have been applied in both postharvest settings and preharvest live bird production. Prebiotics are compounds t...
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Possible use of allelochemicals in integrated pest management (ipm)
Allelochemicals are produced and released into the environment by one species and have an effect on another species. They include attractants, repellents and toxic defence compounds which could provide valuable tools for use in IPM. There have been successes with botanical pesticides such as neem...
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Harnessing ecosystem services with conservation agriculture
This chapter presents the relationship between Conservation Agriculture (CA) and ecosystem services. Ecosystem services comprise resources and processes supplied by nature that benefit farmers and societies. Services that benefit farmers operate in production fields and those that benefit societi...
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The role of grasslands in biogeochemical cycles and biodiversity conservation
Grasslands have a multifunctional role in producing forage for animal production systems while providing a wide array of ecosystem services, including the regulation of biogeochemical cycles and the maintenance of biodiversity which are of utmost importance for agriculture and society as a whole....
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Advances in automating meat processing operations
Meat processing presents a particular challenge to robotics, as it deals with deformable biological products that lack uniformity: no two fish, sides of beef or chicken carcasses are exactly alike. Meat processing plants have many adept human practitioners, skilled with knives, and has proven ext...
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Advances in understanding soil microbiomes in ecosystem functions across trophic chains
Soil is an essential part in every terrestrial ecosystem and soil microbes are contributing to several ecosystem functions. Different abiotic and biotic factors impact soil microbiomes and a disturbance of soil microbial communities can have severe consequences for soil health and its ecosystem f...
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Species choice, planting and establishment in temperate and boreal forests: meeting the challenge of global change
Due to global change, there is a need to question most of the practices used to establish forests. This chapter provides discussion of the current issues for most of the key processes of forest establishment and highlights the importance of the choice of genetic material in the establishment of ...
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Advances in understanding soybean physiology and growth
Soybean is one of the world’s most widely grown and economically significant crops, having an extensive range of end uses. Understanding soybean growth and physiology is paramount to maximising its productivity and optimising its yield. This chapter highlights recent advances in understanding soy...
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Agroforestry for the cultivation of nuts
Row crop agriculture covers over 1.28 billion ha of land globally. Though extremely productive in terms of yield, annual cropping systems rely on external inputs of energy, nutrients and pesticides, leading to a suite of ecological consequences. This chapter focuses primarily on the opportunities...
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Optimizing the health of gilts and sows during pregnancy and parturition
Pregnancy and parturition are sensitive phases of the production cycle in the sow. Indeed, production diseases such as post partum dysgalactia syndrome (PDS) and vaginal discharge syndrome (VDS) appear in the peri- or postpartum period. Social stress and seasonal disruption of pregnancy in group ...
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Developing circular agricultural production systems
This collection summarises the wealth of research on the ways of achieving circular agricultural production systems through using minimal inputs, closing nutrient loops, reducing emissions and reusing and valorising agricultural wastes.
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Practical application of integrated pest management to control cabbage root fly in vegetables
In north-western Europe cabbage root fly is considered to be an important pest of Brassica crops. Root fly larvae mainly feed on roots of Brassica vegetable crops causing damage and eventually crop loss. Pest damage consequently results in considerable economic losses for these crops. Due to the...
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Escherichia coli in poultry meat
Escherichia coli is a common gastrointestinal bacteria that has a vast genetic, physiologic, and biochemical diversity in E. coli, which allows this organism to thrive in many environments. But E. coli contains several pathogenic groups (e.g., pathotypes) which can cause disease and morbidity in ...
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Life cycle analysis and the carbon footprint of coffee value chains
This chapter presents concepts and tools around the life cycle assessment (LCA) and carbon footprint (CFP) with their applications to the coffee value chain. Coffee is characterised by a particularly complex value chain with multiple actors involved along every step, from production to consumers....
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Instant insights: sensor technologies in livestock monitoring
This collection features five peer-reviewed literature reviews on sensor technologies in livestock monitoring.
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The use of probiotics as supplements for ruminants
There is an increasing need to promote digestive efficiency and productivity while maintaining animal health and welfare. Probiotics are live microorganisms which confer a benefit for the host when administered in appropriate quantities. This chapter begins by reviewing critical periods in the ru...
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Improving agri-food supply chains in asia
The agri-food supply chains in Asia face multiple challenges and threats, such as malnutrition, environmental degradation and unexpected risks. Here, we suggest possible interventions to improve nutrition and health, increase resource use efficiency and reduce adverse environmental impacts. To co...
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Tea cultivation under changing climatic conditions
Predicted climate change is likely to pose a major threat to normal tea cultivation. This chapter reviews the effects that climate change is likely to have on which regions are suitable for tea production and the duration of the plucking period. We consider how tea production might be improved by...
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Participatory plant breeding programs to optimize use of crop genetic resources
This chapter summarizes a sample of variety evaluation, experimental design, and breeding method innovations that have served as solid approaches for participatory plant breeding (PPB) efforts. With success in PPB comes success in conservation at a local level of useful alleles and allele assembl...
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The use of pythium oligandrum as a biocontrol agent
The oomycete Pythium oligandrum is a soil-inhabiting mycoparasite of both fungi and oomycetes, and colonizes the root ecosystems of diverse plants to induce defense responses against pathogens. Based on the multiple advantages of P. oligandrum in plant disease control, which is non-toxic and envi...
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Advances in improving lamb survival and health
The survival of the newborn lamb is a crucial component of successful sheep farming. Lambs are more likely to die on the first few days after birth than at any other time and much research has been directed to addressing why this occurs and how it can be prevented. Lamb deaths can be attributed t...
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Managing grassland systems to optimise livestock production
High prices of milk have encouraged intensive dairying systems using high inputs of chemical fertilisers, indoor feeding with high amounts of concentrate and imported protein at the expense of grazing. Consequently grassland acreage decreased considerably over the last 30 years, and the European ...
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Managing perennial conservation agriculture systems: orchards, plantations and agroforestry
Perennial CA systems offer a range of productivity and ecosystem benefits to resource-poor smallholder farmers as well as to larger-scale producers managing orchards and plantations. Given the attractive economic and environmental value-adding characteristics of perennial CA systems, it is expect...
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Instant insights: antibiotics in poultry production
This collection features four peer-reviewed literature reviews on antibiotics in poultry production.
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Building natural resource networks: urban agriculture and the circular economy
This chapter discusses how to re-think socio-ecological functions for urban areas in an economy inspired by the principles of circular and regenerative practices. It begins by showing how existing food systems have been trapped in the paradigm of a linear economy model. It then shows how regenera...
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Advances in genetic modification of cassava
Until recently, hybridization was used to breed new varieties of the common tropical and subtropical crop cassava, but changes in global climate, food security and industrialization have accelerated the breeding of new cassava varieties with increased nutrition, high stress resistance and starch ...
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Advances in root architectural modeling
Root architectural (RSA) models have become important tools in root research and plant phenotyping for studying root traits, processes, and interactions with the environment. The models have been used to simulate how various root traits and processes influence water and nutrient uptake. At a more...
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Alternatives to castration of pigs
Piglets have been traditionally been surgically castrated to avoid boar taint risk and aggression and mounting behaviour. However, castration without anaesthesia and analgesia induces pain and has become a controversial practice on welfare grounds. Therefore, alternatives to surgical pig castrati...
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Targeting smallholder farmers to adopt improved cassava technologies: challenges and opportunities
This chapter examines the challenges and opportunities for targeting smallholder farmers to adopt improved cassava technologies for yield and profitability. Smallholder farmers are not a homogenous group and, therefore, a static technology promotion system cannot address the needs of a dynamic cl...
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Developing corn hybrids with improved performance under water deficits
This chapter reviews the key stages in corn plant development when water deficits can most impact on productivity. It reviews progress made in genotyping and phenotyping that enable selection for improved productivity in water-limited growing conditions. Technical approaches to experimental desig...
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New types of products from tropical wood
This chapter discusses the Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) practices in the tropics and highlights the main wood and biomass resources available. It then elaborates the types of products developed from these resources, both traditional and new products developed. It provides an insight into t...
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Wastewater as a contamination risk for agricultural soils
Treated wastewater (TWW) has become recently a valuable and significant resource for crop production in irrigated agriculture. Use of TWW for irrigation includes benefits (e.g., conservation of nutrients), yet it also poses notable risks to crop production, soil ecosystem, the environment and hum...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of barley
This collection reviews advances in understanding barley physiology and genetics, molecular breeding and cultivation techniques, as well as disease and weed management. It also discusses advances in improving barley for end uses such as malting and brewing.
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Instant insights: fusarium in cereals
This specially curated collection features four reviews of current topics and key research in fusarium in cereals.
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The use of molecular genetic information in genetic improvement programmes for pigs
Genetic improvement of pigs has been achieved by selection of individuals for breeding based on estimated breeding values (EBV), derived using phenotypes for important traits. Ideally, phenotypes on the individual itself and its relatives are utilized in order to obtain the most accurate estimate...
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Optimising pig welfare in breeding and gestation
This chapter considers factors affecting the welfare of pigs during breeding and gestation and provides recommendations on optimising their welfare in commercial conditions. The chapter concludes with a summary of the main findings and a discussion of future opportunities to safeguard pig welfare.
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of grain legumes volume 2
The second volume in this collection focusses on improving the cultivation of particular grain legumes, starting with common beans, lentils, soybeans and groundnuts. A second group of chapters discusses cowpea, faba beans and pigeonpea.
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Micronutrients: advances in understanding molybdenum in crop production
Molybdenum (Mo) is an essential micronutrient for plants. Its biological importance resides in its role in nitrogen fixation. Most soils contain Mo, but its availability is pH dependent. Understanding the dynamics of Mo in plant nutrition and in the plant rhizosphere is key to determining efficie...
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Methods for detecting pathogens in the beef food chain: detecting particular pathogens
The main food-borne pathogens of concern in the beef food chain are Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Salmonella; other pathogens, including Listeria monocytogenes and Campylobacter spp. may also be present. These pathogens pose contamination concerns in both the cattle productio...
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Advances in conservation biological control and habitat management for ipm
Conservation biological control and habitat management are key components of integrated pest management (IPM). These related approaches suppress pests by promoting natural enemy survival and impact and by exploiting direct, suppressive effects on pests from vegetation structure. During this centu...
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Advances in using robots in forestry operations
Forestry operations have a role to play in the supply of fossil-free raw material to present and future bio-economies. Advances in automation will enable forestry operations to be conducted in a more sustainable way, with better consideration of economic, ecological and ergonomic requirements. Th...
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Precimed: development of a decision support system (dss) for precision irrigation in mediterranean agriculture
Agriculture is one of the most dynamic and productive sectors in the Mediterranean region, but it is also the most vulnerable to water scarcity. Currently, it is facing certain challenges, which compromise the sustainability and environmental impact of our food production system. In response, and...
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The economics of soil health
Soil health management practices and systems can be important tools for farmers to realize on-farm benefits associated with decreased erosion, improved levels of soil organic matter and improved soil structure and function. This chapter describes existing research on the economics of soil health ...
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Soil organic carbon on the political agenda
This chapter reviews the challenges in ensuring that soil health (particularly soil organic carbon as a key component of soil health) is fully recognised and integrated into relevant global and regional agreements, legislation and policy. As a case study it assesses the development, progress and ...
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Sorghum diseases and their management in cultivation: stalk, root and other diseases
Of all the diseases affecting sorghum, root and stalk diseases are among the most damaging and difficult to control. This is due to their hidden nature and the fact that their symptoms often resemble abiotic stressors such as drought or freeze damage. This chapter presents an overview of some of ...
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Advances in monitoring and reporting forest emissions and removals in the context of the united nations framework convention on climate change (unfccc)
This chapter provides an update on advances in monitoring and reporting emissions from mostly tropical forests in the context of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The world’s forests store vast amounts of carbon and sustainable forest management is therefore inti...
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Resistance breeding in barley against barley yellow dwarf virus (bydv): avoiding negative impacts on anatomy and physiology
Barley yellow dwarf (BYD) is one of the most widespread and damaging viral diseases of grasses and cereal crops worldwide. Due to an increasing risk of food losses e.g. in barley by Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) as a consequence of climate change, associated by a strong demand to decrease the ...
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Preventing and managing lameness in dairy cows
Lameness in dairy cows is a major economic and welfare problem worldwide. Despite its importance there are still significant gaps in the published evidence-base, particularly on the subject of disease pathogenesis, treatment and herd interventions. None-the-less, using a systematic approach invol...
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Invasive weed species and their effects
An invasive weed exhibits a tendency to spread rapidly to occupy new niches. This chapter describes ten examples of situations in which invasive weeds directly affect agriculture. The chapter also examines indirect effects, and discusses how climate change and globalization interact to promote in...
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The use of microorganisms in integrated weed management
Biological control of weeds by fungal pathogens, bacteria and viruses has been studied for more than three decades. The aim is to suppress or reduce the weed population below an ecological or economic threshold. This chapter describes the role of biopesticides in weed control, historical accompli...
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Advances in monitoring and managing natural hazards and forest disturbances
Managing and monitoring disturbances of forest ecosystems and natural hazards are increasingly critical endeavors as proliferating pests and diseases, changing frequency and intensity of wildfires, windstorms, and invasive species and increases in ungulate herbivory are causing novel responses. T...
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Advances in using proximal spectroscopic sensors to assess soil health
Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy is a method that has been successfully used to estimate soil organic carbon, organic matter, and numerous other properties related to soil health. In this chapter, we introduce the concept of soil health and the need for sensor-based soil health measurements. We t...
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Advances in harvesting and transport of sugarcane
The chapter describes preparation of sugarcane for harvesting, harvesting options, in-field loading and transport. It considers two harvesting systems: manual and mechanical harvesting, each of which is affected by whether the crop is burnt or not burnt immediately before harvest. The chapter exp...
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Virtue ethics, wendell berry and agriculture
This chapter begins by detailing the major aspects of the virtue ethics tradition, particularly as they are understood by Aristotle. I then turn to Wendell Berry’s thought and argue that Berry embodies well many of the facets of this tradition. I consider three virtues in Berry’s thought: humilit...
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Factors affecting shelf life of poultry meat
Poultry meat and meat products are highly susceptible to both oxidative and microbial spoilage. This chapter reviews recent progress in understanding of the mechanisms behind microbial spoilage as well as lipid and protein oxidation. These understanding enables design and implementation of novel ...
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Disease identification and management on the pig farm
Endemic diseases constitute a major threat for a profitable and sustainable pig production worldwide. This chapter reviews the diagnosis and monitoring of pig diseases, and control measures that can be implemented on the farm. The most important issues to establish a diagnosis are discussed. Moni...
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Transforming food systems
This book assesses one of the great global challenges of our time: how to reform food systems so they are more sustainable but still able to produce the food we need. It reviews the pros and cons of reformist, progressive and radical solutions and how we might choose between them.
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Key issues in incorporating proximal and remote sensor data into farm decision-making
This chapter presents five study cases on the application of smart technologies in farming and forestry systems. The first of these study cases presents the results of a long-term study to calibrate a Grassmaster II capacitance probe to estimate pasture productivity in the Mediterranean Montado e...
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Water management for rainfed smallholder farming
This chapter aims to show how small-scale farmers can use water more efficiently, productively and sustainably in rainfed production. We will first discuss general aspects of how water use in crop and livestock production may be improved – measures that are important and useful in both rainfed as...
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Lactose in milk: properties, nutritional characteristics and role in dairy products
Lactose is the main carbohydrate in milk and serves as a source of energy for the neonate, but also has other unique functionalities. Lactose is a low GI carbohydrate with low cariogenic potential, which are important to the healthy development of the neonate. These functionalities are derived fr...
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Colonization and establishment of the rumen microbiota – opportunities to influence productivity and methane emissions
This chapter reviews current information in the establishment of the microbiota in the rumen and posterior intestinal tract in young ruminants, as well as its modulation for promoting health and favouring desirable phenotypes. The chapter also provides case studies of early-life strategies for bo...
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The challenge of sustainable water resources management under water scarcity
Historically, water control developments were mostly small-scale, locally managed and hydrologically independent, with annual rainfall, runoff and recharge setting the limits to annual use. In recent decades, the vast expansion of irrigation (the largest water user with about 70% withdrawal world...
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Genetic engineering of insects to inhibit insect pest reproduction
This chapter reviews key few methods of genetic biocontrol focusing on those systems that have been developed for crop insect pests. These include “sterile release systems” where e.g. sterilized males produce sperm which carries dominant lethal mutations that result in their offspring failing to ...
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Drainage requirements to maintain soil health
The effective management of soil water conditions is essential for ensuring healthy plant growth and optimum yield. Drainage is the primary technique by which producers keep soil water conditions at or near optimum for plant growth. A well-designed drainage system may result in a number of benefi...
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The role of plant hormones in adaptation to drought stress in cereals
Future increases in drought, temperature and atmospheric VPD will have negative impacts on crop yield. If breeders are to develop genotypes that continue to yield significantly under these constraints, a greater understanding of mechanisms involved in plant tolerance/resilience to high temperatur...
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