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Designing and developing multispecies swards for future grassland systems
The use of MSS, also known as herbal leys, has increasingly been recognised as a viable alternative in temperate grass-based agricultural systems to enhance forage yield, quality, and ecosystem health. By integrating complementary grass, legume, and herb species into the sward mix, these systems ...
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Measuring and improving good agricultural practices (gap) related to safety of fresh produce: the case of controlled environment agriculture
Measuring and improving good agricultural practices (GAP) related to food safety of fresh produce is important, especially as many crops, such as leafy vegetables, are sold as ‘ready to eat’ at the point of purchase. Previous approaches to food safety-related hazard analysis and risk assessment f...
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Broiler breeding flocks: management and animal welfare
Broiler breeders are the parent stock of broiler chickens. Appropriate management in the rearing and the production period is essential to produce a high number of fertile eggs and high-quality broiler chickens. However, research has shown that current management practices may affect the welfare ...
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Advances in dna based methods for assessing abundance and diversity and of soil microbial groups
A revolution in sequencing and bioinformatics technology has led to a steep increase in research studies that include microbial community characterization. Many of these studies utilize amplicon sequencing, targeting bacteria and fungi and seek to draw correlations between the presence and abunda...
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Sustainable forest management (sfm) of tropical moist forests: the congo basin
The Congo basin covers the second largest expanse of tropical forest on the planet. This chapter discusses the recent history and implementation challenges of sustainable forest management (SFM) across the basin. It shows that while the most modern SFM ideas and concepts have shaped the current f...
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Instant insights: unmanned aircraft systems in agriculture
This book provides a useful overview of the use of unmanned aircraft systems/unmanned aerial vehicles in an array of agricultural settings for differing purposes, such as their use in turfgrass systems to measure and monitor specific targets.
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Women and maize cultivation: increasing productivity through gender analysis
Gender analysis is essential in guiding the design and focus of research to ensure that women participate in and benefit from growth in the maize sector. This chapter begins by situating farmers within households and discussing why the conceptualization of households matters for agricultural rese...
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The changing role of urban agriculture in municipal planning: from planning for urban agriculture to urban agriculture for planning
Urban agriculture’s popularity over the past few decades has required cities to address whether, to what extent, and how food production fits into the cityscape. Planners have used various policy levers, from revised zoning codes to tax incentives, to protect existing farms and gardens and expand...
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Fungal diseases affecting barley
This chapter reviews current research on the main fungal diseases affecting barley. It first reviews what we know about the mecanisms of barley genetic resistance to fungal pathogens. The chapter then focuses on the description of major fungal pathogens effecting barley production, new insights i...
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Exploring clonostachys rosea: a versatile fungal biocontrol agent for effective plant disease management
Clonostachys rosea is a fungal biocontrol agent able to control a range of impactful plant diseases, such as damping-off, root rot, botrytis blight, fusarium head blight, and others. The use of C. rosea can subsequently replace or reduce the use of chemical pesticides. However, biocontrol efficac...
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Cassava cultivation and soil productivity
Cassava is becoming an ever more important crop, and over the past 20–30 years its planted area has increased faster than that of any other food crop. However, yields are still low due to the fact that the crop is usually grown on infertile soils and without adequate soil and crop management. Thi...
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Developing and implementing shell egg quality standards
This chapter presents a comprehensive overview of shell egg quality standards, emphasizing the importance of egg quality in poultry science due to its impact on food safety, nutrition, and commercial viability. It delineates the multifaceted nature of egg quality, examining both external (eggshel...
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Advances in human–robot collaboration in agricultural robotics
Introduction of robotics into agriculture has the potential to lower production costs, reduce the drudgery of tedious manual labor, increase the level of accuracy of mechanized operations, and improve environmental control. Unlike industrial applications that often deal with relatively simple, re...
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The sigatoka leaf disease complex in banana
There are three major leaf diseases, now called Pseudocercospora leaf spot diseases of banana, which form the sigatoka leaf spot complex: Sigatoka disease (yellow Sigatoka) caused by Pseudocercospora musae, black leaf streak disease (black Sigatoka) caused by P. fijiensis and Eumusae leaf spot di...
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Understanding resistance to anilinopyrimidine fungicides
Anilinopyrimidines (AP) are a chemical class of fungicides that are effective against a broad range of phytopathogenic fungi. Cyprodinil, mepanipyrim and pyrimethanil belonging to this class are currently available in the market. Resistance to AP fungicides has been reported in various fungal spe...
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Assessing the effect of biosolids on soil health
This chapter reviews the evidence for both the beneficial and potentially harmful effects of biosolids application on soil health, and highlights areas where further research is still required.
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Advances in controlled atmosphere storage of horticultural produce
This chapter highlights advances in controlled atmosphere (CA) storage science of horticultural crops (mainly apples and pears) over the last two decade, emphasizing the connection between technical/managerial aspects of the CA regime and retention of product quality during and after the storage ...
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Optimizing horticulture for urban agriculture
Urban horticulture is attracting increasing attention in both low- and high-income countries. The practice can be needs-driven, i.e., providing and securing food and livelihoods, or based on environmental considerations, social integration, and human wellbeing. This chapter focuses on the potenti...
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Nematode pests of potatoes
Potatoes are particularly susceptible to attack from nematodes, with around 70 species from 24 genera several different reported. Nematodes reduce the value of the harvested crop by affecting yield, tuber size and marketability or indirectly through the transmission of viruses. After introducing ...
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Organic banana cultivation and sustainability
The cultivation of conventional bananas of the commercial Cavendish variety for export markets in the wet tropics requires a substantial amount of synthetic agrochemical input. Over the last 25 years, organic banana production has soared in Latin America. This chapter describes organic banana pro...
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Modelling feed requirements for pigs to optimize feed efficiency
To ensure sustainable pig production in terms of cost and environmental impact, it is essential to focus on enhancing feed efficiency. This necessitates a precise understanding of the nutrient requirements of both sows and growing pigs, enabling the development of tailored feeding strategies to o...
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The role and use of genetically engineered insect-resistant crops in integrated pest management systems
Host plant resistance is an important and foundational element of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). The application of genetic engineering (GE) has significantly accelerated the deployment of host plant resistance in several cropping systems. Current GE crops represent powerful forms of antibioti...
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The economics of smallholder farming
Sustainable agriculture is possible when smallholder farmers overcome economic barriers to establish profitable farm businesses. This chapter outlines key economic factors of land, labour, capital and inputs which impact the production costs. Access to markets influences the farmer’s ability to...
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Advances in image-based identification and analysis of crop insect pests
This chapter reviews progress in developing automated image-based systems for identifying crop insect pests. It identifies the challenges in distinguishing insect pests in field conditions and ways they can be addressed. The chapter outlines key steps in image-based identification (image capture,...
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Advances in nutrient/substrate sources/composition for rearing yellow mealworms as a protein source
This chapter focuses on the impact of various substrates on the nutritional quality – in particular protein content - of the yellow mealworm larvae. The authors begin by describing the characteristics of rearing substrates for optimal yellow mealworm growth, including nutritional composition, bio...
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Pathogens and diseases affecting large-scale production of black soldier fly
Black soldier flies (BSF) (Hermetia illucens, Diptera: Stratiomyidae) are produced on a large scale using various production methods and food substrates. This chapter reviews organisms that have true pathogenic relationships with the BSF which could cause negative effects on insect culture. These...
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Best management practices for maintaining water quality in sugarcane cultivation
Best Management Practices (BMPs) in agricultural crops are farming methods that assure optimum plant growth, profitable yields and minimized adverse environmental effects. This chapter focusses on the achievement of BMPs in maintaining water quality for sugarcane cultivation, drawing on evidence ...
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Conservation agriculture in south america
This chapter describes the origins and current status of CA as well as NT and the NTS in Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and Bolivia. These represent the top five CA countries with about 99% of the area under CA cultivation in South America.
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Recent molecular technologies for tackling wheat diseases
There is a growing need to improve the management of wheat diseases if wheat production is to keep pace with a growing population. This chapter reviews the array of technologies and new methods available to improve resistance to wheat diseases. These techniques include SAR, ISR, the application o...
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Precision agriculture and sugarcane production – a case study from the burdekin region of australia
Precision agriculture (PA) involves the use of spatial information about crop performance and the biophysical characteristics of the production system at the field and sub-field scale, to optimise agronomic management decisions. This chapter uses the case study of a 26.7 ha field in the Burdekin ...
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Seed dormancy and germination: a critical update
Seeds are the prime source of food in the world, not only from a nutritional point of view but also as the basis of crop production. A key requirement for farmers is vigorous and fast-germinating seed to guarantee a uniform crop of high yield. This is quite opposite to the natural behaviour of se...
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The impact of food loss and waste on human nutrition and health
In recent years, food loss and waste in the world have grown alarmingly, and destroy energy and resources that might otherwise be used for human nutrition. This chapter describes the nutritional compounds humans require, their main sources, and the functions they perform in the human body to main...
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Plant growth-promoting bacteria (pgpbs) as biocontrol agents against invertebrate pests
Plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPBs) represent an important resource for agricultural crops, providing several benefits to the plant such as optimizing the use of environmental resources, improving plant health and resistance to biotic and abiotic factors, and directly acting against plant pat...
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Frontiers in agri-food supply chains
This collection reviews differing types of agri-food supply chain around the world and the challenges they face in ensuring a safe, efficient and environmentally-sustainable supply of food to customers. It assesses tools and techniques for analysing and improving supply chains as well as differin...
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‘towards’ sustainability of dairy farming: an overview
There are many challenges to be faced in making dairy farming sustainable for feeding 9–10 billion people by 2050. This chapter defines what sustainability may mean for the dairy industry and assesses the current sustainability of dairy farming today, before going on to consider visions for a sus...
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Breeding caffeine-free coffee beans
Regular Arabica coffee contains about 1.2% caffeine. ‘Decaffeinated’ (less than 0.1%) and ‘low caffeine’ (0.2–0.8%) coffee can be obtained by removing the caffeine. However, this can compromise the flavour, and may lead to consumers viewing the product as less ‘natural’. Over the past 25 yrs, eff...
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Advances in detection and management of phosphine resistance in stored grain pests
Phosphine gas has become the world’s primary fumigant for disinfestation of stored grain. Development and increase of strong resistance to phosphine is a threat to the continued use of phosphine and there are limited alternatives currently available. Understanding how phosphine resistance arises ...
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Plant-insect interactions, host-plant resistance, and integrated pest management
The interactions between plants and the arthropod herbivores that feed on them are intricate and multifaceted. Plant-arthropod interactions can be divided, heuristically, into host-plant finding, acceptance and utilization phases. Plant resistance results when a plant expresses traits that disrup...
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Biotic alternatives to antibiotics for poultry gastrointestinal health and food safety applications: prebiotics, postbiotics and associated compounds
Despite several efforts to develop control measures to reduce the contamination of poultry products, foodborne illness remains a major concern to the processors as well as the consumers. A wide range of interventions have been applied both in postharvest settings as well as in preharvest live bir...
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Constraints in adopting improved technologies for maize cultivation: the case of africa
The adoption of improved technology is essential for increasing productivity in the production of maize in Africa. This, in turn, will contribute to food self-sufficiency and the alleviation of poverty and food insecurity. This chapter reviews the importance of increasing the adoption rate of imp...
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The use of feedlot/cereal grains in improving feed efficiency and reducing by-products such as methane in ruminants
Cattle can convert sunlight into high quality foods via the process of microbial fermentation of plantstuffs in the rumen. Unfortunately, losses of carbon and energy associated with the fermentation of feedstuffs comes in the form of CO2 and CH4, which are greenhouse gases of increasing importanc...
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Advances in synthetic biology to improve poultry production
Synthetic biology is an evolving area that can advance poultry science and production in achieving a more sustainable future. This chapter outlines multidisciplinary studies of synthetic biology to solve pressing problems within the poultry industry. It introduces state of art tools in synthetic ...
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Advances in understanding the development and morphology of the poultry breast muscle: impact on meat quality
In recent years, selection programs in meat-type poultry have placed an emphasis on growth rate, muscling, and feed conversion. Although substantial improvements have been made, there have been modification in the morphological structure of the muscle, muscle regeneration mechanisms, and meat qu...
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Tissue engineering using scaffolds in cultured meat product development
This chapter focuses on tissue engineering using scaffolds in cultured meat product development. The chapter first provides an overview of the key scaffold properties as 3D meat cultivation platforms, focusing on aspects such as tissue engineering-related criteria and additional scaffold constrai...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of soybeans volume 1
Soybeans are widely grown for use in food, animal feed and other products such as biodiesel. The first of this two-volume collections reviews advances in understanding of soybean physiology and genetics as well as breeding and more efficient methods of cultivation.
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Weed-plant interactions
Crops or desired plant species co-occur with undesired species, and the co-occurring species thereby come to be classed as weeds. This human-imposed classification is based on the perception that there is an interaction that results in some negative effect of the weed on the crop or desired speci...
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Beef cattle nutrition and its effects on beef quality
Previous dogmas suggested that body composition and subsequent carcass characteristics of beef cattle are primarily tied to mature body weight and fat thickness. Subsequent research suggests that marbling can occur at different stages of growth when sufficient nutrition is provided and that the r...
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Evaluating and improving rootstocks for apple cultivation
The foundations of a productive and healthy orchard are the rootstocks that provide anchorage, water and nutrients essential to the above-ground portions of the trees. Utilization of composite trees has increased the efficiency of breeding productive apple trees by dividing the selection of scion...
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Advances in shell egg safety regulations and protocols
As one of the most nutritious and affordable animal-sourced foods, shell eggs must be produced in a safe and sustainable manner and their safety maintained throughout the value chain. Government regulations and voluntary sector practices are designed to prevent and monitor the occurrence of biolo...
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Energy-smart poultry farming
This chapter describes how energy is used in poultry production buildings today and discusses the factors that have driven the growth of energy use. It then identifies opportunities toward energy-smart production including existing technologies and management practices that can lead to significan...
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Bacteriophages to control plant diseases
Crop yield loss due to bacterial plant pathogens need to be reduced to increase global food production demand. Currently available disease management strategies involving copper-based bactericides and antibiotics are losing efficacy due to development of resistance in bacteria. There is long fami...
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Using phenotyping techniques to analyse crop functionality and photosynthesis
With climate change the occurrence of extreme weather events will increase, making stress resilience an essential trait for future crop breeding. Whilst we have a good understanding of the effect of single stress factors on photosynthesis, there is a knowledge gap on how combined stresses affect ...
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Crop management practices for grain sorghum: an overview
Sorghum is a versatile crop, produced in more than 100 countries. However, the productivity of sorghum in developing countries is much lower than that in developed countries, due to their non-adoption of improved crop management practices. Improving the production potential of sorghum in developi...
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Variety selection in wheat cultivation
Variation among wheat plants serves as the raw material for varietal development or plant breeding, allowing the selection of plants which are suited to particular environments, management methods or markets. The superiority of an identified line is normally validated through a series of trials, ...
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Agroforestry for fruit trees in europe and mediterranean north africa
Although fruit trees are considered as high value for agroforestry and are the primary driver of agroforestry adoption worldwide, they are still underrepresented in agroforestry systems in temperate regions compared to the tropics. This chapter illustrates the large diversity of fruit tree-based ...
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Bio-effectors to optimize the mineral nutrition of crop plants
The generic term “bio-effector” refers to the wide range of living organisms and natural compounds that can be used as active agents in biological approaches for crop production. They provide components in bio-stimulants and other products that improve the ability of crops to metabolize nutrients...
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Improving integrated pest management in horticulture
This collection reviews current advances in integrated pest management (IPM) for horticultural crops, including the use of biological control mechanisms, technological developments such as proximal sensors, agronomic practices and physical control.
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Microbial bioprotectants and the marketplace
This chapter focuses on microbial bioprotectants and the marketplace. The chapter begins by first discussing the latest figure in terms of microbial bioprotectants global market value. It also highlights the different types and ways these bioprotectants can be used. The chapter also discusses the...
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Using remote and proximal sensor data in precision agriculture applications
This chapter reviews key issues in using sensor data in precision agriculture (PA) and, in particular, their mode of deployment (proximal or remote). It assesses relative strengths and weaknesses of proximal sensing techniques, compared with imaging data typically acquired from remote sensing pla...
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Tools and strategies for optimizing the reproductive performance of sows
Fertility of the swine breeding is high when considering measures for estrus, farrowing and litter sizes. The success in reproduction is a result of an array of factors that involve genetics, health, environment, and reproductive technologies. The population of females in the breeding herd is man...
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The international context: the role of codex alimentarius in setting safety and quality standards for global agri-food supply chains
This chapter reviews the origins and development of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, established by the United Nations (UN) Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). It describes the Codex organizational structure and standard setting process. The chapter ...
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Nutrient sources and their application in cassava cultivation
This chapter discusses various sources of nutrients to be applied to prevent soil nutrient depletion, as well as the optimum rates, times and methods of their application. It also describes how computer models can predict site-specific nutrient requirements and balanced fertilizer rates to maximi...
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Diseases affecting grain legumes and their management
Legume plants are peculiarly susceptible to diseases due to their association with Rhizobium bacteria, their large seeds and stress intolerance. Specific and generalist disease species are well documented, but pathogen virulence evolves rapidly making management a continual challenge. This challe...
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The role of beef in human nutrition and health
Beef is an important source of both macronutrients and micronutrients. Nevertheless, concerns have been raised regarding the effects of eating red and processed meat on human health. In this chapter, we review the nutrients available in beef and then assess the concerns raised about the health im...
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Rainwater and floodwater harvesting for crop irrigation
Rainwater and floodwater harvesting are environmentally-friendly ways to utilize rainwater and surface runoff for irrigation, water storage and groundwater recharge. Water harvesting (WH) can also reduce flooding and soil erosion risk and can diminish impacts of climate change. This chapter discu...
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Frosty pod rot, caused by moniliophthora roreri
Frosty pod rot (FPR) of cacao (Theobroma cacao) is caused by Moniliophthora roreri. FPR commonly can reduce yields by over 80% and is extremely difficult to manage. This chapter reviews the origins, spread and impact of Moniliophthora roreri. It also discusses methods for managing FPR, from strat...
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Optimising sow and piglet welfare during farrowing and lactation
Optimising welfare in the farrowing and lactation environment involves resolving the concerns regarding continued use of close confinement systems, such as the farrowing crate for the sows and the lack of provision of environmental enrichment to provide for behavioural needs. For piglets the main...
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Improving organic animal farming
This collection addresses recent research on challenges facing organic animal farming such as more targeted breeding, improved grazing and feed rations, better methods of health and disease management as well as ways of enhancing animal welfare.
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Soil health: towards a sustainable world
Soil health is one of the most popular research agendas in current agriculture science. It has been addressed to some extent for centuries, but today we have the scientific tools to examine and quantify chemical, physical and biological aspects of soil. The link of soil health to human and anima...
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Modernizing major and medium irrigation schemes in india: formulating a programme of change
This chapter outlines the establishment of a national multi-year, multidisciplinary programme to modernize major and medium irrigation (and drainage schemes in India) under the Support for Irrigation Modernization Program. The programme is supported by the Asian Development Bank and implemented b...
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Narratives on the sustainable development goals (sdgs) and tropical forests
The purpose of this chapter is to explore the relevance of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for tropical forests by identifying and assessing the three main narratives that characterize debate about the SDGs and forests. The chapter introduces each of these narratives, followed by a ...
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Advances in understanding the epidemiology, molecular biology and control of net blotch and the net blotch barley interaction
Net blotches are the most widely distributed foliar diseases of barley worldwide, causing significant losses in grain yield. They occur as net form net blotch, caused by Pyrenophora teres f. teres and spot form net blotch caused by P. teres f. maculata. Both sexual and asexual reproduction play a...
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Advances in understanding the nutritional value of lipids in wheat
Lipids are a small component in the wheat grain composition (2-4%) and roughly, two thirds (66%) of them are contained in the germ, 15% are in the bran and particularly in the aleuronic layer, whereas about 20% are distributed in the endosperm, partly within the starch granules. They include a va...
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How can organic dairy farming address and improve biodiversity and healthy ecosystems?
This chapter explores the degree to which organic farming, and specifically organic dairy systems, has a part to play in biodiversity conservation in the land sparing-land sharing continuum of approaches. The chapter begins with a brief review of evidence for organic farming being nature-friendly...
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Improving application systems for bioprotectants in integrated pest management (ipm) programmes in horticulture
The fundamental principles of good application are the same whether a biopesticide or chemical pesticide is being used. However, there is a view that biopesticides are more sensitive to application. A good application technique should result in the minimum amount of biopesticide being used, which...
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Making integrated pest management (ipm) work in sub-saharan africa
Losses to biotic threats remain among the most important factors affecting crop productivity in the predominantly complex smallholder systems of sub-Saharan Africa. The unavoidable intensification of crop production will further exacerbate pest problems, and pest management needs to respond accor...
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Assessing the impact of climate change on soil erosion by water
This chapter focuses on assessing the impact of climate change on soil erosion by water. It begins by first describing the influence of climate change on event and annual erosivity, then moves on to discuss the influence of climate change on the protective effect of crops. A section on snowmelt e...
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Environmental and genetic effects on coffee seed biochemical composition and quality
Reserve compounds that accumulate in coffee seeds contribute to a large extent– directly or through roasting-induced chemical reactions – to the broad spectrum of aromas and flavours of the coffee cup. Coffee seed reserves are mainly composed of cell wall polysaccharides, lipids, proteins, sucros...
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Economic assessment of integrated pest management (ipm) implementation
Besides reducing health and the ecological risks of pest control, integrated pest management (IPM) seeks to increase farm income. Economic constraints also act as barriers to adoption of IPM practices. An understanding of how IPM affects the farm “bottom line” is crucial to efforts to encourage I...
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Understanding gut function in poultry: the role of commensals, metabolites, inflammation and dysbiosis in intestinal immune function and dysfunction
Study of the importance of the microbiome to health and susceptibility to diseases has become a leading area of research in poultry science in recent years. The microbiota is emerging as a fundamental force influencing diverse aspects of avian physiology. This chapter examines intestinal immunity...
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Ethical issues in developing new technologies in agriculture
From the perspective of agricultural ethics, I am investigating potential ethical issues threatening radical innovation in agriculture, and what kind of questions these ethical issues entail for innovators. First, the role of ethics in the development of radical new technologies in general will b...
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Progress in understanding fungal diseases affecting sugarcane: rusts
Rust fungi (Uredinales or Pucciniales) are a globally distributed order of obligate parasitic fungi occurring on vascular plants. The typical symptom is a ‘rust-coloured’ (often orange or yellow) pustule on a plant leaf. Economically, rust fungi cause enormous crop losses, including in sugarcane....
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Improving herd health management and disease prevention in organic dairy cattle farming
This chapter focuses on supporting animal health and welfare at herd level and giving more emphasis to preventative animal health and welfare planning (AHWP) with less reliance on antibiotics. It outlines some of the major challenges currently facing improvements to dairy cow health and welfare a...
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The multidimensional socio-economic impacts of food losses and waste
Food losses and waste (FLW) occur at different levels of the food supply chains and have significant social, micro and macroeconomic impacts. Current knowledge, from food supply chain level cost-benefit analyses up to scenario analyses with general equilibrium models, indicates that FLW have majo...
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The role of pasture in the diet of ruminant livestock
Grazed pasture is the single most important forage feed for ruminants due to its low unit cost and widespread global availability. However, there is a growing use of arable crops in ruminant rations, which may exceed that used by humans by 2050. This chapter describes the ways in which grazed pa...
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Egg washing to ensure product safety
The structure of eggs poses specific problems for washing, especially in large commercial operations. However, washing is a valuable process, both to make eggs look clean and to reduce the bacterial load on the shell. This chapter reviews those properties of eggs that are relevant to the washing ...
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Genomic prediction in crops: advantages and drawbacks
Genomic Selection evolved as a promising new method to support decision making for plant breeders. This chapter provides a short introduction to genomic prediction and its usefulness as a selection tool. In addition, the chapter highlights some of the most important factors to be considered when ...
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Developing forestry products: timber
Timber products can include a wide array of socially valued goods originating from diverse tree species, forest types, and ecosystems. Over the past few decades, forest product market development and timber quality have been characterized by several important factors, many of them international i...
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Assessing socio-economic impacts of agriculture
Economic assessments remain the dominating form of socio-economic assessment in agriculture; yet practical implementation often suffers from severe limitations. However, much of the early criticism has slowly been adopted and integrated in the form of significant improvements in the consistency a...
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (pah) contaminants in agricultural soils: occurrence and remediation
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution poses potential risks to human health, soil, and microbial biodiversity, presenting challenges for sustainable development. PAH pollution is mostly attributed to anthropogenic sources, such as domestic and industrial runoff or emissions, influenced ...
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Use of protein from black soldier flies in fish feed
The global population is increasing rapidly, and with it comes a growing demand for food, particularly protein sources. The aquaculture industry, which provides fish for human consumption, is expanding to meet this demand. The aquaculture expansion is not without impacts and constrains. Among the...
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Advances in understanding the role of rice in nutrition
Malnutrition includes both under- and over-nutrition. The development of rice varieties to improve dietary quality can play a role in addressing both forms of malnutrition. This chapter begins by considering under-nutrition, with an emphasis on the problem of micronutrient deficiency. It reviews ...
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Genetic diversity in dairy cattle: variation within and between breeds
This chapter focuses on genetic diversity in dairy cattle, meaning that it examines those domesticated cattle breeds selected for milk production. The chapter presents the relevant definitions and discusses the role of natural and artificial selection in the creation of breeds and genetic diversi...
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Agri-food supply chains in western and northern europe
Western and Northern Europe are important regions for food production and supply for Europe and globally. With a combination of new supply chain management techniques and technological advancement, there are useful insights from the region on modern food production, value addition and associated ...
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Salmonella control in pig production
Salmonella infections of zoonotic origin are one of the most frequent causes of zoonotic infections worldwide, and there are clear indications that, at least in some countries, pork is an important source of human salmonellosis. This chapter describes the epidemiology of salmonella and possible i...
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Management of an ultra-high-density mango orchard and benefits of the small-tree system
There are many advantages in establishing mango hedgerows in such a way that their height for optimal light utilization does not exceed 2m and their width 1m. The terminal shoots, inflorescences and fruits on such trees are within easy reach of farm workers. The fruits, as opposed to branches and...
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Non-invasive field phenotyping of cereal development
High throughput field phenotyping (HTFP) allows the selection of crops with unprecedented precision, and plays an important role to understand genotype-by-environment interaction. This chapter describes carrier systems for non-invasive field phenotyping, outlines the principles of envirotyping, a...
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Modelling the impact of climate change on agriculture in north africa and southwest asia
The impacts of climate change on food production in North Africa and Southwest Asia are severe, with rising temperatures and prolonged dry spells adversely affecting crop productivity and quality. Crop models are utilized to evaluate the impact of climate change and the potential of adaptation st...
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Key factors limiting sustainable insect pest management in soybeans
If sustainability implies the preservation of resources for future generations, then pest management tools, like insecticides and insect-resistant varieties, can be considered resources that should be preserved for future generations. Overuse of these tools can result in resistance such that thei...
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The coffee sector and smallholder farmers
This chapter reviews the role of smallholders in coffee cultivation and the challenges they face. It reviews definitions, size and distribution of this group. The chapter then looks at structure and price volatility in the coffee market and its impact on smallholders, including the effects of the...
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