Mathematics

This is the first of two volumes of a state-of-the-art survey article collection which originates from three commutative algebra sessions at the 2009 Fall Southeastern American Mathematical Society Meeting at Florida Atlantic University. The articles reach into diverse areas of commutative algebra and build a bridge between Noetherian and non-Noetherian commutative algebra. These volumes present current trends in two of the most active areas of commutative algebra: non-noetherian rings (factorization, ideal theory, integrality), and noetherian rings (the local theory, graded situation, and interactions with combinatorics and geometry).

This volume contains combinatorial and homological surveys. The combinatorial papers document some of the increasing focus in commutative algebra recently on the interaction between algebra and combinatorics. Specifically, one can use combinatorial techniques to investigate resolutions and other algebraic structures as with the papers of Fløystad on Boij-Söderburg theory, of Geramita, Harbourne and Migliore, and of Cooper on Hilbert functions, of Clark on minimal poset resolutions and of Mermin on simplicial resolutions. One can also utilize algebraic invariants to understand combinatorial structures like graphs, hypergraphs, and simplicial complexes such as in the paper of Morey and Villarreal on edge ideals.

Homological techniques have become indispensable tools for the study of noetherian rings. These ideas have yielded amazing levels of interaction with other fields like algebraic topology (via differential graded techniques as well as the foundations of homological algebra), analysis (via the study of D-modules), and combinatorics (as described in the previous paragraph). The homological articles the editors have included in this volume relate mostly to how homological techniques help us better understand rings and singularities both noetherian and non-noetherian such as in the papers by Roberts, Yao, Hummel and Leuschke.

This is the second revised edition of an introduction to contemporary relative homological algebra. It supplies important material essential to understand topics in algebra, algebraic geometry and algebraic topology. Each section comes with exercises providing practice problems for students as well as additional important results for specialists.

In this new edition the authors have added well-known additional material in the first three chapters, and added new material that was not available at the time the original edition was published. In particular, the major changes are the following:

• Chapter 1: Section 1.2 has been rewritten to clarify basic notions for the beginner, and this has necessitated a new Section 1.3.
• Chapter 3: The classic work of D. G. Northcott on injective envelopes and inverse polynomials is finally included. This provides additional examples for the reader.
• Chapter 11: Section 11.9 on Kaplansky classes makes volume one more up to date. The material in this section was not available at the time the first edition was published.

The authors also have clarified some text throughout the book and updated the bibliography by adding new references.

The book is also suitable for an introductory course in commutative and ordinary homological algebra.

This second volume deals with the relative homological algebra of complexes of modules and their applications. It is a concrete and easy introduction to the kind of homological algebra which has been developed in the last 50 years. The book serves as a bridge between the traditional texts on homological algebra and more advanced topics such as triangulated and derived categories or model category structures. It addresses to readers who have had a course in classical homological algebra, as well as to researchers.

This volume showcases mostly the contributions presented at the International Conference in Algebra and Its Applications held at the Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India during November 12-14, 2016. Refereed by renowned experts in the field, this wide-ranging collection of works presents the state of the art in the field of algebra and its applications covering topics such as derivations in rings, category theory, Baer module theory, coding theory, graph theory, semi-group theory, HNP rings, Leavitt path algebras, generalized matrix algebras, Nakayama conjecture, near ring theory and lattice theory. All of the contributing authors are leading international academicians and researchers in their respective fields.

Contents
On Structure of ∗-Prime Rings with Generalized Derivation
A characterization of additive mappings in rings with involution|
Skew constacyclic codes over Fq + vFq + v²Fq
Generalized total graphs of commutative rings: A survey
Differential conditions for which near-rings are commutative rings
Generalized Skew Derivations satisfying the second Posner’s theorem on Lie ideals
Generalized Skew-Derivations on Lie Ideals in Prime Rings
On generalized derivations and commutativity of prime rings with involution
On (n, d)-Krull property in amalgamated algebra
Pure ideals in ordered Γ-semigroups
Projective ideals of differential polynomial rings over HNP rings
Additive central m-power skew-commuting maps on semiprime rings
A Note on CESS-Lattices
Properties Inherited by Direct Sums of Copies of a Module
Modules witnessing that a Leavitt path algebra is directly infinite
Inductive Groupoids and Normal Categories of Regular Semigroups
Actions of generalized derivations in Rings and Banach Algebras
Proper Categories and Their Duals
On Nakayama Conjecture and related conjectures-Review
On construction of global actions for partial actions
On 2-absorbing and Weakly 2-absorbing Ideals in Product Lattices
Separability in algebra and category theory
Annihilators of power values of generalized skew derivations on Lie ideals
Generalized derivations on prime rings with involution

The problem of classifying the finite-dimensional simple Lie algebras over fields of characteristic p > 0 is a long-standing one. Work on this question during the last 45 years has been directed by the Kostrikin–Shafarevich Conjecture of 1966, which states that over an algebraically closed field of characteristic p > 5 a finite-dimensional restricted simple Lie algebra is classical or of Cartan type. This conjecture was proved for p > 7 by Block and Wilson in 1988. The generalization of the Kostrikin–Shafarevich Conjecture for the general case of not necessarily restricted Lie algebras and p > 7 was announced in 1991 by Strade and Wilson and eventually proved by Strade in 1998. The final Block–Wilson–Strade–Premet Classification Theorem is a landmark result of modern mathematics and can be formulated as follows: Every finite-dimensional simple Lie algebra over an algebraically closed field of characteristic p > 3 is of classical, Cartan, or Melikian type.

In the three-volume book, the author is assembling the proof of the Classification Theorem with explanations and references. The goal is a state-of-the-art account on the structure and classification theory of Lie algebras over fields of positive characteristic leading to the forefront of current research in this field.

This is the last of three volumes. In this monograph the proof of the Classification Theorem presented in the first volume is concluded. It collects all the important results on the topic which can be found only in scattered scientific literature so far.

This book presents in a unified and concrete way the beautiful and deep mathematics - both theoretical and computational - on which the explicit solution of an elliptic Diophantine equation is based. It collects numerous results and methods that are scattered in the literature. Some results are hidden behind a number of routines in software packages, like Magma and Maple; professional mathematicians very often use these routines just as a black-box, having little idea about the mathematical treasure behind them. Almost 20 years have passed since the first publications on the explicit solution of elliptic Diophantine equations with the use of elliptic logarithms. The "art" of solving this type of equation has now reached its full maturity. The author is one of the main persons that contributed to the development of this art.

The monograph presents a well-balanced combination of

• a variety of theoretical tools (from Diophantine geometry, algebraic number theory, theory of linear forms in logarithms of various forms - real/complex and p-adic elliptic - and classical complex analysis),
• clever computational methods and techniques (LLL algorithm and de Weger's reduction technique, AGM algorithm, Zagier's technique for computing elliptic integrals),
• ready-to-use computer packages.

A result is the solution in practice of a large general class of Diophantine equations.

The problem of classifying the finite dimensional simple Lie algebras over fields of characteristic p > 0 is a long standing one. Work on this question has been directed by the Kostrikin Shafarevich Conjecture of 1966, which states that over an algebraically closed field of characteristic p > 5 a finite dimensional restricted simple Lie algebra is classical or of Cartan type. This conjecture was proved for p > 7 by Block and Wilson in 1988. The generalization of the Kostrikin-Shafarevich Conjecture for the general case of not necessarily restricted Lie algebras and p > 7 was announced in 1991 by Strade and Wilson and eventually proved by Strade in 1998. The final Block-Wilson-Strade-Premet Classification Theorem is a landmark result of modern mathematics and can be formulated as follows: Every simple finite dimensional simple Lie algebra over an algebraically closed field of characteristic p > 3 is of classical, Cartan, or Melikian type.

This is the second part of a three-volume book about the classification of the simple Lie algebras over algebraically closed fields of characteristic > 3. The first volume contains the methods, examples and a first classification result. This second volume presents insight in the structure of tori of Hamiltonian and Melikian algebras. Based on sandwich element methods due to A. I. Kostrikin and A. A. Premet and the investigations of filtered and graded Lie algebras, a complete proof for the classification of absolute toral rank 2 simple Lie algebras over algebraically closed fields of characteristic > 3 is given.

Contents

Tori in Hamiltonian and Melikian algebras
1-sections
Sandwich elements and rigid tori
Towards graded algebras
The toral rank 2 case

After being an open question for sixty years the Tarski conjecture was answered in the affirmative by Olga Kharlampovich and Alexei Myasnikov and independently by Zlil Sela. Both proofs involve long and complicated applications of algebraic geometry over free groups as well as an extension of methods to solve equations in free groups originally developed by Razborov. This book is an examination of the material on the general elementary theory of groups that is necessary to begin to understand the proofs. This material includes a complete exposition of the theory of fully residually free groups or limit groups as well a complete description of the algebraic geometry of free groups. Also included are introductory material on combinatorial and geometric group theory and first-order logic. There is then a short outline of the proof of the Tarski conjectures in the manner of Kharlampovich and Myasnikov.

Elwyn Berlekamp, John Conway, and Richard Guy wrote ‘Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays’ and turned a recreational mathematics topic into a full mathematical fi eld. They combined set theory, combinatorics, codes, algorithms, and a smattering of other fi elds, leavened with a liberal dose of humor and wit. Their legacy is a lively fi eld of study that still produces many surprises. Despite being experts in other areas of mathematics, in the 50 years since its publication, they also mentored, talked, and played games, giving their time, expertise, and guidance to several generations of mathematicians.

This volume is dedicated to Elwyn Berlekamp, John Conway, and Richard Guy. It includes 20 contributions from colleagues that refl ect on their work in combinatorial game theory.

This monograph is an introduction into a new and fast developing field on the crossroads of infinite-dimensional Lie algebra theory and contemporary mathematical physics. It contains a self-consistent presentation of the theory of Krichever-Novikov algebras, Lax operator algebras, their interaction, representation theory, relations to moduli spaces of Riemann surfaces and holomorphic vector bundles on them, to Lax integrable systems, and conformal field theory.

For beginners, the book provides a short way to join in the investigations in these fields. For experts, it sums up the recent advances in the theory of almost graded infinite-dimensional Lie algebras and their applications.
The book may serve as a base for semester lecture courses on finite-dimensional integrable systems, conformal field theory, almost graded Lie algebras. Majority of results are presented for the first time in the form of monograph.

The primary audience for this book is students and the young researchers interested in the core of the discipline. Commutative algebra is by and large a self-contained discipline, which makes it quite dry for the beginner with a basic training in elementary algebra and calculus.

A stable mathematical discipline such as this enshrines a vital number of topics to be learned at an early stage, more or less universally accepted and practiced. Naturally, authors tend to turn these topics into an increasingly short and elegant list of basic facts of the theory. So, the shorter the better. However, there is a subtle watershed between elegance and usefulness, especially if the target is the beginner. From my experience throughout years of teaching, elegance and terseness do not do it, except much later in the carrier. To become useful, the material ought to carry quite a bit of motivation through justification and usefulness pointers.

On the other hand, it is difficult to contemplate these teaching devices in the writing of a short book. I have divided the material in three parts. starting with more elementary sections, then carrying an intermezzo on more difficult themes to make up for a smooth crescendo with additional tools and, finally, the more advanced part, versing on a reasonable chunk of present-day steering of commutative algebra.

Historic notes at the end of each chapter provide insight into the original sources and background information on a particular subject or theorem.

Exercises are provided and propose problems that apply the theory to solve concrete questions (yes, with concrete polynomials, and so forth).

This monograph is devoted to various types of algebras of functions with n variables. It is the first complete monograph (in English) on this topic, covering mainly the Russian literature. It is addressed to all algebraists working in the area of universal algebras, semigroup theory, etc. It is also a useful source of information for graduate and PhD students who are starting their research in this area.

The book is the first monograph in the English mathematical literature which provides readers with a very systematical study of the notion of Menger algebras, and its generalizations and applications. The results presented here were originally published mostly in the Russian literature: In 2006, the first version of this book was edited in Russian and it is now presented in an extended version, where two new and very important chapters are added. The monograph is a broad survey of unknown or little-known Russian literature on algebras of multiplace functions and presents to the mathematical community a beautiful and strongly developing theory.

Dieses Lehrbuch bietet eine Einführung in die grundlegenden Methoden der Galoistheorie. Am Beispiel der Auflösbarkeit von Polynomgleichungen durch Radikale wird das Zusammenwirken dreier Theorien – Gruppentheorie, Körpertheorie und Ringtheorie – zur Lösung dieses Problems demonstriert. Behandelt werden neben den üblichen Grundbegriffen wie Gruppen, Körper und Ringe sowie den Resultaten der Galoistheorie auch Anwendungen auf Konstruktionen mit Zirkel und Lineal, endliche Körper und Kreisteilungskörper sowie Auflösungsformeln der Gleichungen vom Grad höchstens 4. Darüber hinaus wird der konkreten Berechenbarkeit und den Algorithmen zur Bestimmung irreduzibler Teiler von Polynomen bzw. der Galoisgruppe eines moderaten Polynoms ein breiter Raum gewidmet.

Die vorliegende zweite Auflage enthält Erweiterungen zu den Themen rein inseparable Körpererweiterungen, p-adische Zahlen und Bewertungstheorie, angeordnete Körper und Satz von Sturm.

The category of all modules over a general associative ring is too complex to admit any reasonable classification. Thus, unless the ring is of finite representation type, one must limit attempts at classification to some restricted subcategories of modules.

The wild character of the category of all modules, or of one of its subcategories C is often indicated by the presence of a realization theorem, that is, by the fact that any reasonable algebra is isomorphic to the endomorphism algebra of a module from C. This results in the existence of pathological direct sum decompositions and these are generally viewed as obstacles to the classification. Realization theorems have thus become important indicators of the non-classification theory of modules.

In order to overcome this problem, approximation theory of modules has been developed over the past few decades. The idea here is to select suitable subcategories C whose modules can be classified, and then to approximate arbitrary modules by ones from C. These approximations are neither unique nor functorial in general, but there is always a rich supply available appropriate to the requirements of various particular applications. Thus approximation theory has developed into an important part of the classification theory of modules.

In this monograph the two methods are brought together. First the approximation theory of modules is developed and some of its recent applications, notably to infinite dimensional tilting theory, are presented. Then some prediction principles from set theory are introduced and these become the principal tools in the establishment of appropriate realization theorems.

The monograph starts from basic facts and gradually develops the theory towards its present frontiers. It is suitable both for graduate students interested in algebra and for experts in module and representation theory.

This proceedings volume documents the contributions presented at the CONIAPS XXVII International Conference on Recent Advances in Pure and Applied Algebra. The entries focus on modern trends and techniques in various branches of pure and applied Algebra and highlight their applications in coding, cryptography, graph, and fuzzy theory. The book comprised a total of eighteen chapters, among which the first fourteen chapters are devoted to Algebra and related topics, and the last four chapters are included applied mathematics parts. The chapters present the latest research work being done on the frontiers of the various branches of algebra as well as showcase the cross-fertilization of the ideas and connection among these branches.Covering a broad range of topics in pure and applied Algebra, this volume would appeal to a wide spectrum of the researcher in Mathematics. The main aim of this monograph is to contribute to the development of pure and applied Algebra and hence we purposely sought a cross-section of topics in Algebra and encouraged expository presentations and research papers that provide an innovative link between research areas of Algebra and the field of their applications. This volume will be useful not only to experts but also to beginners of research in algebras and related topics.

Dieser Titel aus dem De Gruyter-Verlagsarchiv ist digitalisiert worden, um ihn der wissenschaftlichen Forschung zugänglich zu machen. Da der Titel erstmals im Nationalsozialismus publiziert wurde, ist er in besonderem Maße in seinem historischen Kontext zu betrachten. Mehr erfahren Sie hier.

In the two-volume set ‘A Selection of Highlights’ we present basics of mathematics in an exciting and pedagogically sound way. This volume examines fundamental results in Algebra and Number Theory along with their proofs and their history. In the second edition, we include additional material on perfect and triangular numbers. We also added new sections on elementary Group Theory, p-adic numbers, and Galois Theory.

• A true collection of mathematical gems in Algebra and Number Theory, including the integers, the reals, and the complex numbers, along with beautiful results from Galois Theory and associated geometric applications.
• Valuable for lecturers, teachers and students of mathematics as well as for all who are mathematically interested.

In a self contained and exhaustive work the author covers Group Theory in its multifaceted aspects, treating its conceptual foundations in a proper logical order. First discrete and finite group theory, that includes the entire chemical-physical field of crystallography is developed self consistently, followed by the structural theory of Lie Algebras with a complete exposition of the roots and Dynkin diagrams lore. A primary on Fibre-Bundles, Connections and Gauge fields, Riemannian Geometry and the theory of Homogeneous Spaces G/H is also included and systematically developed.

https://petrusfremathandlit.net

This second, revised and substantially extended edition of Approximations and Endomorphism Algebras of Modules reflects both the depth and the width of recent developments in the area since the first edition appeared in 2006. The new division of the monograph into two volumes roughly corresponds to its two central topics, approximation theory (Volume 1) and realization theorems for modules (Volume 2).

It is a widely accepted fact that the category of all modules over a general associative ring is too complex to admit classification. Unless the ring is of finite representation type we must limit attempts at classification to some restricted subcategories of modules. The wild character of the category of all modules, or of one of its subcategories C, is often indicated by the presence of a realization theorem, that is, by the fact that any reasonable algebra is isomorphic to the endomorphism algebra of a module from C. This results in the existence of pathological direct sum decompositions, and these are generally viewed as obstacles to classification. In order to overcome this problem, the approximation theory of modules has been developed. The idea here is to select suitable subcategories C whose modules can be classified, and then to approximate arbitrary modules by those from C. These approximations are neither unique nor functorial in general, but there is a rich supply available appropriate to the requirements of various particular applications.

The authors bring the two theories together. The first volume, Approximations, sets the scene in Part I by introducing the main classes of modules relevant here: the S-complete, pure-injective, Mittag-Leffler, and slender modules. Parts II and III of the first volume develop the key methods of approximation theory. Some of the recent applications to the structure of modules are also presented here, notably for tilting, cotilting, Baer, and Mittag-Leffler modules. In the second volume, Predictions, further basic instruments are introduced: the prediction principles, and their applications to proving realization theorems. Moreover, tools are developed there for answering problems motivated in algebraic topology. The authors concentrate on the impossibility of classification for modules over general rings. The wild character of many categories C of modules is documented here by the realization theorems that represent critical R-algebras over commutative rings R as endomorphism algebras of modules from C.

The monograph starts from basic facts and gradually develops the theory towards its present frontiers. It is suitable both for graduate students interested in algebra and for experts in module and representation theory.

This volume is the proceedings of the conference on Automorphic Representations, L-functions and Applications: Progress and Prospects, held at the Department of Mathematics of The Ohio State University, March 27–30, 2003, in honor of the 60th birthday of Steve Rallis.

The theory of automorphic representations, automorphic L-functions and their applications to arithmetic continues to be an area of vigorous and fruitful research. The contributed papers in this volume represent many of the most recent developments and directions, including

• Rankin–Selberg L-functions (Bump, Ginzburg–Jiang–Rallis, Lapid–Rallis)
• the relative trace formula (Jacquet, Mao–Rallis)
• automorphic representations (Gan–Gurevich, Ginzburg–Rallis–Soudry)
• representation theory of p-adic groups (Baruch, Kudla–Rallis, Mœglin, Cogdell–Piatetski-Shapiro–Shahidi)
• p-adic methods (Harris–Li–Skinner, Vigneras), and
• arithmetic applications (Chinta–Friedberg–Hoffstein).

The survey articles by Bump, on the Rankin–Selberg method, and by Jacquet, on the relative trace formula, should be particularly useful as an introduction to the key ideas about these important topics.

This volume should be of interest both to researchers and students in the area of automorphic representations, as well as to mathematicians in other areas interested in having an overview of current developments in this important field.