Mathematics

This book covers multivariable and vector calculus. It can be used as a textbook for a one-semester course or self-study. It includes worked-through exercises, with answers provided for many of the basic computational ones and hints for the more complex ones.. This second edition features new exercises, new sections on twist and binormal vectors for curves in space, linear approximations, and the Laplace and Poisson equations.

This book is an introduction to machine learning, with a strong focus on the mathematics behind the standard algorithms and techniques in the field, aimed at senior undergraduates and early graduate students of Mathematics.

There is a focus on well-known supervised machine learning algorithms, detailing the existing theory to provide some theoretical guarantees, featuring intuitive proofs and exposition of the material in a concise and precise manner. A broad set of topics is covered, giving an overview of the field. A summary of the topics covered is: statistical learning theory, approximation theory, linear models, kernel methods, Gaussian processes, deep neural networks, ensemble methods and unsupervised learning techniques, such as clustering and dimensionality reduction.

This book is suited for students who are interested in entering the field, by preparing them to master the standard tools in Machine Learning. The reader will be equipped to understand the main theoretical questions of the current research and to engage with the field.

This graduate-level mathematics textbook provides an in-depth and readable exposition of selected topics in complex analysis. The material spans both the standard theory at a level suitable for a first-graduate class on the subject and several advanced topics delving deeper into the subject and applying the theory in different directions. The focus is on beautiful applications of complex analysis to geometry and number theory. The text is accompanied by beautiful figures illustrating many of the concepts and proofs.

Among the topics covered are asymptotic analysis; conformal mapping and the Riemann mapping theory; the Euler gamma function, the Riemann zeta function, and a proof of the prime number theorem; elliptic functions, and modular forms. The final chapter gives the first detailed account in textbook format of the recent solution to the sphere packing problem in dimension 8, published by Maryna Viazovska in 2016 — a groundbreaking proof for which Viazovska was awarded the Fields Medal in 2022.

The book is suitable for self-study by graduate students or advanced undergraduates with an interest in complex analysis and its applications, or for use as a textbook for graduate mathematics classes, with enough material for 2-3 semester-long classes. Researchers in complex analysis, analytic number theory, modular forms, and the theory of sphere packing, will also find much to enjoy in the text, including new material not found in standard textbooks.

Affine algebraic geometry has progressed remarkably in the last half a century, and its central topics are affine spaces and affine space fibrations. This authoritative book is aimed at graduate students and researchers alike, and studies the geometry and topology of morphisms of algebraic varieties whose general fibers are isomorphic to the affine space while describing structures of algebraic varieties with such affine space fibrations.

The book is focused on physical interpretation and visualization of the obtained invariant solutions for nonlinear mathematical modeling of atmospheric and ocean waves. This volume represents a unique blend of analytical and numerical methods complemented by the author's developments in ocean and atmospheric sciences and it is meant for researchers and graduate students interested in applied mathematics and mathematical modeling.

The aim of the textbook is two-fold: first to serve as an introductory graduate course in Algebraic Topology and then to provide an application-oriented presentation of some fundamental concepts in Algebraic Topology to the fixed point theory.

A simple approach based on point-set Topology is used throughout to introduce many standard constructions of fundamental and homological groups of surfaces and topological spaces. The approach does not rely on Homological Algebra. The constructions of some spaces using the quotient spaces such as the join, the suspension, and the adjunction spaces are developed in the setting of Topology only.

The computations of the fundamental and homological groups of many surfaces and topological spaces occupy large parts of the book (sphere, torus, projective space, Mobius band, Klein bottle, manifolds, adjunctions spaces). Borsuk's theory of retracts which is intimately related to the problem of the extendability of continuous functions is developed in details. This theory together with the homotopy theory, the lifting and covering maps may serve as additional course material for students involved in General Topology.

The book comprises 280 detailed worked examples, 320 exercises (with hints or references), 80 illustrative figures, and more than 80 commutative diagrams to make it more oriented towards applications (maps between spheres, Borsuk-Ulam Theory, Fixed Point Theorems, …) As applications, the book offers some existence results on the solvability of some nonlinear differential equations subject to initial or boundary conditions.

The book is suitable for students primarily enrolled in Algebraic Topology, General Topology, Homological Algebra, Differential Topology, Differential Geometry, and Topological Geometry. It is also useful for advanced undergraduate students who aspire to grasp easily some new concepts in Algebraic Topology and Applications. The textbook is practical both as a teaching and research document for Bachelor, Master students, and first-year PhD students since it is accessible to any reader with a modest understanding of topological spaces.

The book aspires to fill a gap in the existing literature by providing a research and teaching document which investigates both the theory and the applications of Algebraic Topology in an accessible way without missing the main results of the topics covered.

The idea of the book is to present a text that is useful for both students of quantitative sciences and practitioners who work with univariate or multivariate probabilistic models. Since the text should also be suitable for self-study, excessive formalism is avoided though mathematical rigor is retained. A deeper insight into the topics is provided by detailed examples and illustrations. The book covers the standard content of a course in probability and statistics. However, the second edition includes two new chapters about distribution theory and exploratory data analysis. The first-mentioned chapter certainly goes beyond the standard material. It is presented to reflect the growing practical importance of developing new distributions. The second new chapter studies intensively one- and bidimensional concepts like assymetry, kurtosis, correlation and determination coefficients. In particular, examples are intended to enable the reader to take a critical look at the appropriateness of the geometrically motivated concepts.

This book provides a self-contained account of continuous-parameter time series, starting with second-order models. Integration with respect to orthogonal increment processes, spectral theory and linear prediction are treated in detail. Lévy-driven models are incorporated, extending coverage to allow for infinite variance, a variety of marginal distributions and sample paths having jumps. The necessary theory of Lévy processes and integration of deterministic functions with respect to these processes is developed at length. Special emphasis is given to the analysis of continuous-time ARMA processes.

This book is intended as an introduction to Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics for students in mathematics, the physical sciences, engineering, and related fields. It is based on the author’s 25 years of experience teaching probability and is squarely aimed at helping students overcome common difficulties in learning the subject. The focus of the book is an explanation of the theory, mainly by the use of many examples. Whenever possible, proofs of stated results are provided. All sections conclude with a short list of problems. The book also includes several optional sections on more advanced topics. This textbook would be ideal for use in a first course in Probability Theory.

Contents:
Probabilities
Conditional Probabilities and Independence
Random Variables and Their Distribution
Operations on Random Variables
Expected Value, Variance, and Covariance
Normally Distributed Random Vectors
Limit Theorems

Introduction to Stochastic Processes
Mathematical Statistics
Appendix
Bibliography
Index

Mathematical models cannot be solved using the traditional analytical methods for dynamic equations on time scales. These models must be dealt with using computational methods. This textbook introduces numerical methods for initial value problems for dynamic equations on time scales. Hands-on examples utilizing MATLAB and practical problems illustrate a wide variety of solution techniques.

The latest advancements in time scale calculus are the focus of this book. New types of time-scale integral transforms are discussed in the book, along with how they can be used to solve dynamic equations. Novel numerical techniques for partial dynamic equations on time scales are described. New time scale inequalities for exponentially convex functions are introduced as well.

This book is devoted to recent developments of linear and nonlinear integral inequalities on time scales. The book is intended for the use in the field of dynamic calculus on time scales, dynamic equation and integral equations on time scales. It is also suitable for graduate courses in the above fields. The book is designed for those who have mathematical background on time scales calculus.

The book is about strong axioms of infi nity in set theory (also known as large cardinal axioms), and the ongoing search for natural models of these axioms. Assuming the Ultrapower Axiom, a combinatorial principle conjectured to hold in all such natural models, we solve various classical problems in set theory (for example, the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis) and uncover a theory of large cardinals that is much clearer than the one that can be developed using only the standard axioms.

This book's subject lies in the nexus of partial differential equations, operator theory, and complex analysis. The spectral analysis of the complex Laplacian and the compactness of the d-bar-Neumann operator are primary topics.The revised 2nd edition explores updates to Schrödinger operators with magnetic fields and connections to the Segal Bargmann space (Fock space), to quantum mechanics, and the uncertainty principle.

This book contains surveys and research articles on the state-of-the-art in finitely presented groups for researchers and graduate students. Overviews of current trends in exponential groups and of the classification of finite triangle groups and finite generalized tetrahedron groups are complemented by new results on a conjecture of Rosenberger and an approximation theorem. A special emphasis is on algorithmic techniques and their complexity, both for finitely generated groups and for finite Z-algebras, including explicit computer calculations highlighting important classical methods. A further chapter surveys connections to mathematical logic, in particular to universal theories of various classes of groups, and contains new results on countable elementary free groups. Applications to cryptography include overviews of techniques based on representations of p-groups and of non-commutative group actions. Further applications of finitely generated groups to topology and artificial intelligence complete the volume. All in all, leading experts provide up-to-date overviews and current trends in combinatorial group theory and its connections to cryptography and other areas.

This book is ideal as an introduction to algebraic topology and applied algebraic topology featuring a streamlined approach including coverage of basic categorical notions, simplicial, cellular, and singular homology, persistent homology, cohomology groups, cup products, Poincare Duality, homotopy theory, and spectral sequences. The focus is on examples and computations, and there are many end of chapter exercises and extensive student projects.

This is the fi rst textbook leading coherently from classical character theory to the theory of lattices over orders and integral representations of fi nite groups. Character theory is developed in a highly pedagogical way including many examples and exercises covering at once the fi rst defi nitions up to Clifford theory, Brauer’s induction theorem and the splitting fi eld theorem, as well as self-dual simple modules allowing bilinear forms. This latter part is done step by step using the approach given by Sin and Willems. Dirichlet characters and Dirichlet’s result on primes in arithmetic progressions are given as an application. Examples of integral representations of fi nite groups are already detailed at a quite early stage where appropriate, so that the more systematic treatment of lattices over orders is natural. After that, the necessary number theory and homological algebra is developed as far as needed. Maximal as well as hereditary orders are introduced and the Auslander- Buchsbaum theorem is proved. The Jordan-Zassenhaus theorem on the fi niteness of lattices in a given vector space is fully proved. Then the development and properties of class groups of orders is a fi rst focus. As a further highlight Swan’s example of a stably free but not free ideal over the integral group ring of the generalised quaternion group of order 32 is developed in great detail.

• A student friendly introduction to ordinary representation theory
• Many examples and exercises, including solutions for some of them, make the book well suited for self-study
• Leads coherently from ordinary character theory to the integral representation theory of lattices over orders
• Several topics appear for the fi rst time in a textbook, such as Sin-Willems’ approach to self-dual simple modules and Swan‘s example of a stably free non free ideal.

Progress in low-dimensional topology has been very quick in the last three decades, leading to the solutions of many difficult problems. Among the earlier highlights of this period was Casson's λ-invariant that was instrumental in proving the vanishing of the Rohlin invariant of homotopy 3-spheres. The proof of the three-dimensional Poincaré conjecture has rendered this application moot but hardly made Casson's contribution less relevant: in fact, a lot of modern day topology, including a multitude of Floer homology theories, can be traced back to his λ-invariant.

The principal goal of this book, now in its second revised edition, remains providing an introduction to the low-dimensional topology and Casson's theory; it also reaches out, when appropriate, to more recent research topics. The book covers some classical material, such as Heegaard splittings, Dehn surgery, and invariants of knots and links. It then proceeds through the Kirby calculus and Rohlin's theorem to Casson's invariant and its applications, and concludes with a brief overview of recent developments.

The book will be accessible to graduate students in mathematics and theoretical physics familiar with some elementary algebraic and differential topology, including the fundamental group, basic homology theory, transversality, and Poincaré duality on manifolds.

Continuous model theory is an extension of classical first order logic which is best suited for classes of structures which are endowed with a metric. Applications have grown considerably in the past decade. This book is dedicated to showing how the techniques of continuous model theory are used to study C*-algebras and von Neumann algebras. This book geared to researchers in both logic and functional analysis provides the first self-contained collection of articles surveying the many applications of continuous logic to operator algebras that have been obtained in the last 15 years.

In this monograph we study the problem of construction of asymptotic solutions of equations for functions whose number of arguments tends to infinity as the small parameter tends to zero. Such equations arise in statistical physics and in quantum theory of a large number of fi elds. We consider the problem of renormalization of quantum field theory in the Hamiltonian formalism, which encounters additional difficulties related to the Stückelberg divergences and the Haag theorem. Asymptotic methods for solving pseudodifferential equations with small parameter multiplying the derivatives, as well as the asymptotic methods developed in the present monograph for solving problems in statistical physics and quantum field theory, can be considered from a unified viewpoint if one introduces the notion of abstract canonical operator. The book can be of interest for researchers – specialists in asymptotic methods, statistical physics, and quantum fi eld theory as well as for graduate and undergraduate students of these specialities.

Derivations on von Neumann algebras are well understood and are always inner, meaning that they act as commutators with a fixed element from the algebra itself. The purpose of this book is to provide a complete description of derivations on algebras of operators affiliated with a von Neumann algebra. The book is designed to serve as an introductory graduate level to various measurable operators affiliated with a von Neumann algebras and their properties. These classes of operators form their respective algebras and the problem of describing derivations on these algebras was raised by Ayupov, and later by Kadison and Liu. A principal aim of the book is to fully resolve the Ayupov-Kadison-Liu problem by proving a necessary and sufficient condition of the existence of non-inner derivation of algebras of measurable operators. It turns out that only for a finite type I von Neumann algebra M may there exist a non-inner derivation on the algebra of operators affiliated with M. In particular, it is established that the classical derivation d/dt of functions of real variables can be extended up to a derivation on the algebra of all measurable functions. This resolves a long-standing problem in classical analysis.

With applications in quantum field theory, elementary particle physics and general relativity, this two-volume work studies invariance of differential operators under Lie algebras, quantum groups, superalgebras including infinite-dimensional cases, Schrödinger algebras, applications to holography. This first volume covers the general aspects of Lie algebras and group theory supplemented by many concrete examples for a great variety of noncompact semisimple Lie algebras and groups.

Contents:
Introduction
Lie Algebras and Groups
Real Semisimple Lie Algebras
Invariant Differential Operators
Case of the Anti-de Sitter Group
Conformal Case in 4D
Kazhdan–Lusztig Polynomials, Subsingular Vectors, and Conditionally Invariant Equations
Invariant Differential Operators for Noncompact Lie Algebras Parabolically Related to Conformal Lie Algebras
Multilinear Invariant Differential Operators from New Generalized Verma Modules
Bibliography
Author Index
Subject Index

With applications in quantum field theory, general relativity and elementary particle physics, this three-volume work studies the invariance of differential operators under Lie algebras, quantum groups and superalgebras. This second volume covers quantum groups in their two main manifestations: quantum algebras and matrix quantum groups. The exposition covers both the general aspects of these and a great variety of concrete explicitly presented examples. The invariant q-difference operators are introduced mainly using representations of quantum algebras on their dual matrix quantum groups as carrier spaces. This is the first book that covers the title matter applied to quantum groups.

Contents
Quantum Groups and Quantum Algebras
Highest-Weight Modules over Quantum Algebras
Positive-Energy Representations of Noncompact Quantum Algebras
Duality for Quantum Groups
Invariant q-Difference Operators
Invariant q-Difference Operators Related to GLq(n)
q-Maxwell Equations Hierarchies

The second edition of this well-received textbook is devoted to Combinatorics and Graph Theory, which are cornerstones of Discrete Mathematics. Every section begins with simple model problems. Following their detailed analysis, the reader is led through the derivation of definitions, concepts, and methods for solving typical problems. Theorems then are formulated, proved, and illustrated by more problems of increasing difficulty.

Quantum Yang-Mills theory is now the foundation of most of elementary particle theory, and its predictions have been tested at many experimental laboratories, but its mathematical foundation is still unclear. The ''mass gap'' property has been discovered by physicists from experiment, but it still has not been understood from a theoretical point of view. Proposed book describes author's approach to solution of this problem on base of Mathematics with Observers (removing from arithmetic infinity idea, taking into account Observers dependent ascending chain of embedded sets of finite decimal fractions with arithmetic operations locally coinciding with standard operations, and getting new calculus, diff geometry, etc), including interpretations of vector fields and differential forms, generalization of Yang-Mills equations, proof of mass gap existing, consideration the theory of matrix Lie groups and algebras, and this point of view gives the possibilities to make new approach and establish the existence of the Yang-Mills theory and a mass gap, Grand unified theories and Standard model of particle physics.

This book presents a projector analysis of dynamic systems on time scales. The dynamic systems are classified as first, second, third and fourth kinds. For each classes of dynamic systems the basic matrix chains are constructed. The proposed theory is applied for decoupling of dynamic equations on time scales. Properly involved derivatives, constraints and consistent initial values for the considered equations are defined. A linearization for nonlinear dynamic systems is introduced and the total derivative for regular linearized equations with tractability index one is investigated.

This book presents a topological approach to combinatorial configurations, in particular graphs, by introducing a new pair of homology and cohomology via polyhedra. On this basis, a number of problems are solved using a new approach, such as the embeddability of a graph on a surface (orientable and nonorientable) with given genus, the Gauss crossing conjecture, the graphicness and cographicness of a matroid, and so forth. Notably, the specific case of embeddability on a surface of genus zero leads to a number of corollaries, including the theorems of Lefschetz (on double coverings), of MacLane (on cycle bases), and of Whitney (on duality) for planarity. Relevant problems include the Jordan axiom in polyhedral forms, efficient methods for extremality and for recognizing a variety of embeddings (including rectilinear layouts in VLSI), and pan-polynomials, including those of Jones, Kauffman (on knots), and Tutte (on graphs), among others.

Contents

Homology on Polyhedra

Polyhedra on the Sphere

Automorphisms of a Polyhedron

Gauss Crossing Sequences

Cohomology on Graphs

Embeddability on Surfaces

Embeddings on Sphere

Orthogonality on Surfaces

Net Embeddings

Extremality on Surfaces

Matroidal Graphicness

Knot Polynomials

The idea behind this book is to provide the mathematical foundations for assessing modern developments in the Information Age. It deepens and complements the basic concepts, but it also considers instructive and more advanced topics. The treatise starts with a general chapter on algebraic structures; this part provides all the necessary knowledge for the rest of the book. The next chapter gives a concise overview of cryptography. Chapter 3 on number theoretic algorithms is important for developping cryptosystems, Chapter 4 presents the deterministic primality test of Agrawal, Kayal, and Saxena. The account to elliptic curves again focuses on cryptographic applications and algorithms. With combinatorics on words and automata theory, the reader is introduced to two areas of theoretical computer science where semigroups play a fundamental role.The last chapter is devoted to combinatorial group theory and its connections to automata.

Contents:
Algebraic structures
Cryptography
Number theoretic algorithms
Polynomial time primality test
Elliptic curves
Combinatorics on words
Automata
Discrete infinite groups

Nonlinear functional analysis is a central subject of mathematics with applications in many areas of geometry, analysis, fl uid and elastic mechanics, physics, chemistry, biology, control theory, optimization, game theory, economics etc. This work is devoted, in a self-contained way, to several subjects of this topic such as theory of accretive operators in Banach spaces, theory of abstract Cauchy problem, metric and topological fixed point theory. Special emphasis is given to the study how these theories can be used to obtain existence and uniqueness of solutions for several types of evolution and stationary equations. In particular, equations arising in dynamical population and neutron transport equations are discussed.

This book is intended to be used as a rather informal, and surely not complete, textbook on the subjects indicated in the title. It collects my Lecture Notes held during three academic years at the University of Siena for a one semester course on "Basic Mathematical Physics", and is organized as a short presentation of few important points on the arguments indicated in the title.

It aims at completing the students' basic knowledge on Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE) - dealing in particular with those of higher order - and at providing an elementary presentation of the Partial Differential Equations (PDE) of Mathematical Physics, by means of the classical methods of separation of variables and Fourier series. For a reasonable and consistent discussion of the latter argument, some elementary results on Hilbert spaces and series expansion in othonormal vectors are treated with some detail in Chapter 2.

Prerequisites for a satisfactory reading of the present Notes are not only a course of Calculus for functions of one or several variables, but also a course in Mathematical Analysis where - among others - some basic knowledge of the topology of normed spaces is supposed to be included. For the reader's convenience some notions in this context are explicitly recalled here and there, and in particular as an Appendix in Section 1.4. An excellent reference for this general background material is W. Rudin's classic Principles of Mathematical Analysis. On the other hand, a complete discussion of the results on ODE and PDE that are here just sketched are to be found in other books, specifically and more deeply devoted to these subjects, some of which are listed in the Bibliography.

In conclusion and in brief, my hope is that the present Notes can serve as a second quick reading on the theme of ODE, and as a first introductory reading on Fourier series, Hilbert spaces, and PDE

This book gives an advanced overview of several topics in infinite group theory. It can also be considered as a rigorous introduction to combinatorial and geometric group theory. The philosophy of the book is to describe the interaction between these two important parts of infinite group theory. In this line of thought, several theorems are proved multiple times with different methods either purely combinatorial or purely geometric while others are shown by a combination of arguments from both perspectives.

The first part of the book deals with Nielsen methods and introduces the reader to results and examples that are helpful to understand the following parts. The second part focuses on covering spaces and fundamental groups, including covering space proofs of group theoretic results. The third part deals with the theory of hyperbolic groups. The subjects are illustrated and described by prominent examples and an outlook on solved and unsolved problems.

New edition now includes the topics on universal free groups, quasiconvex subgroups and hyperbolic groups, and also Stallings foldings and subgroups of free groups. New results on groups of F-types are added.

In this textbook, a concise approach to complex analysis of one and several variables is presented. After an introduction of Cauchy‘s integral theorem general versions of Runge‘s approximation theorem and Mittag-Leffler‘s theorem are discussed. The fi rst part ends with an analytic characterization of simply connected domains. The second part is concerned with functional analytic methods: Fréchet and Hilbert spaces of holomorphic functions, the Bergman kernel, and unbounded operators on Hilbert spaces to tackle the theory of several variables, in particular the inhomogeneous Cauchy-Riemann equations and the d-bar Neumann operator.

Contents
Complex numbers and functions
Cauchy’s Theorem and Cauchy’s formula
Analytic continuation
Construction and approximation of holomorphic functions
Harmonic functions
Several complex variables
Bergman spaces
The canonical solution operator to
Nuclear Fréchet spaces of holomorphic functions
The -complex
The twisted -complex and Schrödinger operators

Provides the first systematic study of geometry and topology of locally symmetric rank one manifolds and dynamics of discrete action of their fundamental groups. In addition to geometry and topology, this study involves several other areas of Mathematics – from algebra of varieties of groups representations and geometric group theory, to geometric analysis including classical questions from function theory.

This book is a comprehensive guide to Linear Algebra and covers all the fundamental topics such as vector spaces, linear independence, basis, linear transformations, matrices, determinants, inner products, eigenvectors, bilinear forms, and canonical forms. It also introduces concepts such as fields, rings, group homomorphism, and binary operations early on, which gives students a solid foundation to understand the rest of the material.

Unlike other books on Linear Algebra that are either too theory-oriented with fewer solved examples or too problem-oriented with less good quality theory, this book strikes a balance between the two. It provides easy-to-follow theorem proofs and a considerable number of worked examples with various levels of difficulty. The fundamentals of the subject are explained in a methodical and straightforward way.

This book is aimed at undergraduate and graduate students of Mathematics and Engineering Mathematics who are studying Linear Algebra. It is also a useful resource for students preparing for exams in higher education competitions such as NET, GATE, lectureships, etc. The book includes some of the most recent and challenging questions from these exams.

This book introduces quadratic ideal numbers as objects of study with applications to binary quadratic forms and other topics. The text requires only minimal background in number theory, much of which is reviewed as needed. Computational methods are emphasized throughout, making this subject appropriate for individual study or research at the undergraduate level or above.

The subject of applied complex variables is so fundamental that most of the other topics in advanced engineering mathematics (AEM) depend on it. The present book contains complete coverage of the subject, summarizing the more elementary aspects that you find in most AEM textbooks and delving into the more specialized topics that are less commonplace. The book represents a one-stop reference for complex variables in engineering analysis. The applications of conformal mapping in this book are significantly more extensive than in other AEM textbooks. The treatments of complex integral transforms enable a much larger class of functions that can be transformed, resulting in an expanded use of complex-transform techniques in engineering analysis. The inclusion of the asymptotics of complex integrals enables the analysis of models with irregular singular points. The book, which has more than 300 illustrations, is generous with realistic example problems.

This updated edition of a classic title studies identical relations in Lie algebras and also in other classes of algebras, a theory with over 40 years of development in which new methods and connections with other areas of mathematics have arisen. New topics covered include graded identities, identities of algebras with actions and coactions of various Hopf algebras, and the representation theory of the symmetric and general linear group.

This text offers a unique balance of theory and a variety of standard and new applications along with solved technology-aided problems.

The book includes the fundamental mathematical theory, as well as a wide range of applications, numerical methods, projects, and technology-assisted problems and solutions in Maple, Mathematica, and MATLAB. Some of the applications are new, some are unique, and some are discussed in an essay. There is a variety of exercises which include True/False questions, questions that require proofs, and questions that require computations.

The goal is to provide the student with is a solid foundation of the mathematical theory and an appreciation of some of the important real-life applications. Emphasis is given on geometry, matrix transformations, orthogonality, and least-squares.

Designed for maximum flexibility, it is written for a one-semester/two semester course at the sophomore or junior level for students of mathematics or science.

The objective of this book is to look at certain commutative graded algebras that appear frequently in algebraic geometry. By studying classical constructions from geometry from the point of view of modern commutative algebra, this carefully-written book is a valuable source of information, offering a careful algebraic systematization and treatment of the problems at hand, and contributing to the study of the original geometric questions. In greater detail, the material covers aspects of rational maps (graph, degree, birationality, specialization, combinatorics), Cremona transformations, polar maps, Gauss maps, the geometry of Fitting ideals, tangent varieties, joins and secants, Aluffi algebras. The book includes sections of exercises to help put in practice the theoretic material instead of the mere complementary additions to the theory.

This is a high level introduction to abstract algebra which is aimed at readers whose interests lie in mathematics and the information and physical sciences. In addition to introducing the main concepts of modern algebra – groups, rings, modules and fields – the book contains numerous applications, which are intended to illustrate the concepts and to show the utility and relevance of algebra today. In particular applications to Polya coloring theory, latin squares, Steiner systems, error correcting codes and economics are described. There is ample material here for a two semester course in abstract algebra. Proofs of almost all results are given. The reader led through the proofs in gentle stages. There are more than 500 problems, of varying degrees of diffi culty. The book should be suitable for advanced undergraduate students in their fi nal year of study and for fi rst or second year graduate students at a university in Europe or North America. In this third edition three new chapters have been added: an introduction to the representation theory of fi nite groups, free groups and presentations of groups, an introduction to category theory.

This fifth, newly revised edition of the classical introduction to the mathematics of finance, is based on stochastic models in discrete time. Updates include, new chapter on dynamic portfolio strategies, enhanced graphics with real-world data, improved proofs and updated references and citations.

The recent advent of rapid technological changes, scientific developments, and educational expansions have created complex heterogeneities, environmental uncertainties, and socio-economic-ecological inequalities globally. The innovative beneficial resources upgrade and update the existing varieties of structural features such as hereditary, random environmental, spatial and atmospheric perturbations in human population dynamics processes and predator-prey systems. The highly interconnected system under operating random environmental conditions is represented by nonlinear nonstationary large-scale multi-level hierarchical network-centric dynamic processes of Ito-Doob and finite Markovian types with network-centric structural perturbations. For instance, complex spatial, behavioral, and epidemiological structures in human populations vary from citizen to visitor; practicing and adhering to different disease preventive measures at sites in meta-populations; and different ages, stages and resistance levels to infections, respectively. An advantage of the presented results in simple algebraic system parameters form is easy verification and application to planning, prevention, policies, stabilization, monitoring and diseases management.

This book is dedicated to metric spaces and their topology. The book starts with ZFC axioms. The real number system is constructed by both the Dedekind cut and the Cauchy sequence approach. The various examples and properties of metric spaces and normed linear spaces are discussed. The different distances between the sets are highlighted. The research work on metric-preserving maps and isometries on different p-norms has been discussed. Homeomorphism and different equivalent metrics have also been discussed. A detailed description of a metric on the product and the quotient set is also provided. The completion of a metric space as a universal property and applications of the Baire Category Theorem are covered. A special focus is on compactness and the relation between a compact metric space, the Hilbert Cube, and the Cantor set. The properties of connected and path-connected metric spaces are provided.

The book is the first systematical treatment of the theory of finite elements in Archimedean vector lattices and contains the results known on this topic up to the year 2013. It joins all important contributions achieved by a series of mathematicians that can only be found in scattered in literature.

Fractional calculus is a rapidly growing field of research, at the interface between probability, differential equations, and mathematical physics. It is used to model anomalous diffusion, in which a cloud of particles spreads in a different manner than traditional diffusion. This monograph develops the basic theory of fractional calculus and anomalous diffusion, from the point of view of probability.

In this book, we will see how fractional calculus and anomalous diffusion can be understood at a deep and intuitive level, using ideas from probability. It covers basic limit theorems for random variables and random vectors with heavy tails. This includes regular variation, triangular arrays, infinitely divisible laws, random walks, and stochastic process convergence in the Skorokhod topology. The basic ideas of fractional calculus and anomalous diffusion are closely connected with heavy tail limit theorems. Heavy tails are applied in finance, insurance, physics, geophysics, cell biology, ecology, medicine, and computer engineering.

The goal of this book is to prepare graduate students in probability for research in the area of fractional calculus, anomalous diffusion, and heavy tails. Many interesting problems in this area remain open. This book will guide the motivated reader to understand the essential background needed to read and unerstand current research papers, and to gain the insights and techniques needed to begin making their own contributions to this rapidly growing field.

This book explains mathematical theories of a collection of stochastic partial differential equations and their dynamical behaviors. Based on probability and stochastic process, the authors discuss stochastic integrals, Ito formula and Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes, and introduce theoretical framework for random attractors. With rigorous mathematical deduction, the book is an essential reference to mathematicians and physicists in nonlinear science.

Contents:
Preliminaries
The stochastic integral and Itô formula
OU processes and SDEs
Random attractors
Applications
Bibliography
Index

The purpose of this book is to present results on the subject of weak convergence in function spaces to study invariance principles in statistical applications to dependent random variables, U-statistics, censor data analysis. Different techniques, formerly available only in a broad range of literature, are for the first time presented here in a self-contained fashion.

Contents:
Weak convergence of stochastic processes
Weak convergence in metric spaces
Weak convergence on C[0, 1] and D[0,∞)
Central limit theorem for semi-martingales and applications
Central limit theorems for dependent random variables
Empirical process
Bibliography

The aim of the book is to give a broad introduction of topology to undergraduate students. It covers the most important and useful parts of the point-set as well as the combinatorial topology. The development of the material is from simple to complex, concrete to abstract, and appeals to the intuition of readers. Attention is also paid to how topology is actually used in the other fields of mathematics. Over 150 illustrations, 160 examples and 600 exercises will help readers to practice and fully understand the subject.

Contents:
Set and Map
Metric Space
Graph
Topology
Topological Concepts
Complex
Topological Properties
Surface
Topics in Point Set Topology
Index

This monograph summarizes and extends a number of results on the topology of trigonal curves in geometrically ruled surfaces. An emphasis is given to various applications of the theory to a few related areas, most notably singular plane curves of small degree, elliptic surfaces, and Lefschetz fibrations (both complex and real), and Hurwitz equivalence of braid monodromy factorizations.

The approach relies on a close relation between trigonal curves/elliptic surfaces, a certain class of ribbon graphs, and subgroups of the modular group, which provides a combinatorial framework for the study of geometric objects. A brief summary of the necessary auxiliary results and techniques used and a background of the principal problems dealt with are included in the text.

The book is intended to researchers and graduate students in the field of topology of complex and real algebraic varieties.

This book is an introduction to the theory of rings and modules that goes beyond what one normally obtains in a graduate course in abstract algebra. The theme of the text is the interplay between rings and modules. At times rings are investigated by considering given sets of conditions on the modules they admit and at other times rings of a certain type are considered to see what structure is forced on their modules. Standard topics in ring and module theory such as chain conditions on rings and modules, injective and projective modules and semisimple rings are included as well as subjects like category theory and homological algebra. The text also contains presentations on topics such as flat modules and coherent rings, injective envelopes, projective covers and perfect rings, reflexive modules and quasi-Frobenius rings, and graded rings and modules.

The book is a self-contained volume written in a very systematic style: all proofs are clear and easy for the reader to understand and all arguments are based on materials contained in the book. A problem sets follow each section.

It is assumed that the reader is familiar with concepts such as Zorn's lemma, commutative diagrams and ordinal and cardinal numbers. It is also assumed that the reader has a basic knowledge of rings and their homomorphisms. The text is suitable for graduate and PhD students who have chosen ring theory for their research subject.

The first instance of pre-computer fractals was noted by the French mathematician Gaston Julia. He wondered what a complex polynomial function would look like, such as the ones named after him (in the form of z² + c, where c is a complex constant with real and imaginary parts). The idea behind this formula is that one takes the x and y coordinates of a point z, and plug them into z in the form of x + i*y, where i is the square root of -1, square this number, and then add c, a constant. Then plug the resulting pair of real and imaginary numbers back into z, run the operation again, and keep doing that until the result is greater than some number. The number of times you have to run the equations to get out of an 'orbit' not specified here can be assigned a colour and then the pixel (x,y) gets turned that colour, unless those coordinates can't get out of their orbit, in which case they are made black. Later it was Benoit Mandelbrot who used computers to produce fractals. A basic property of fractals is that they contain a large degree of self similarity, i.e., they usually contain little copies within the original, and these copies also have infinite detail. That means the more you zoom in on a fractal, the more detail you get, and this keeps going on forever and ever.

The well-written book 'Getting acquainted with fractals' by Gilbert Helmberg provides a mathematically oriented introduction to fractals, with a focus upon three types of fractals: fractals of curves, attractors for iterative function systems in the plane, and Julia sets. The presentation is on an undergraduate level, with an ample presentation of the corresponding mathematical background, e.g., linear algebra, calculus, algebra, geometry, topology, measure theory and complex analysis.

The book contains over 170 color illustrations.

This comprehensive two-volume work is devoted to the most general beginnings of mathematics. It goes back to Hausdorff’s classic Set Theory (2nd ed., 1927), where set theory and the theory of functions were expounded as the fundamental parts of mathematics in such a way that there was no need for references to other sources. Along the lines of Hausdorff’s initial work (1st ed., 1914), measure and integration theory is also included here as the third fundamental part of contemporary mathematics.The material about sets and numbers is placed in Volume 1 and the material about functions and measures is placed in Volume 2.

Contents
Fundamentals of the theory of classes, sets, and numbers
Characterization of all natural models of Neumann – Bernays – Godel and Zermelo – Fraenkel set theories
Local theory of sets as a foundation for category theory and its connection with the Zermelo – Fraenkel set theory
Compactness theorem for generalized second-order language