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An integrated approach for the estimation of crop water requirements based on soil, plant and atmospheric measurements
Measuring crop water requirements is an essential part of managing agricultural water in crop fields. In this chapter, we propose a research approach for the determination of crop water requirements that integrates soil, plant and atmospheric measurements. Selected methods for estimating crop wat...
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Occurrence and avoidance of fungicide resistance in cereal diseases
The targeted use of fungicides can help minimise the yield losses caused to grain cereals by plant pathogenic fungi. However, the long-term use of fungicide classes based on a single mode of action has imposed consistent selection pressures on certain pathogens. Over time, this has resulted in ma...
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Meeting computer vision and machine learning challenges in crop phenotyping
Use of imaging data has become more profound with the advent of digital cameras, the internet, and automation. With advances of computer vision, actionable information can now be extracted from images to advance the study of plants and their phenotype. In this chapter we document the experience o...
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Cereal-fusarium interactions: improved fundamental insights into fusarium pathogenomics and cereal host resistance reveals new ways to achieve durable disease control
All cereal crop species are vulnerable to root, stem-base and floral diseases caused by various Fusarium species. Most problematic is Fusarium head blight because grains become contaminated with harmful mycotoxins. Currently Fusarium control using fungicides is only partially effective, whilst cu...
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Organic dairy cattle breeding: possibilities and challenges
This chapter discusses challenges and options for developing dedicated organic dairy breeding programmes with a focus on developing cows best suited to low-input production in particular local contexts. It reviews ways of identifying target traits and establishing breeding goals as well as when t...
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Extraction of proteins and other functional components from red seaweed (rhodophyta)
Red seaweeds are a major industrial source of agar and carrageenan. They also contain high amounts of other polysaccharides and higher amounts of proteins than brown seaweeds. Some species of red seaweed also contain polyphenols with antioxidant activities as well as being a source of carotenoids...
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Protecting biodiversity in grasslands
Grasslands in Europe are critically important to the biodiversity of agricultural landscapes. This chapter summarizes the conditions that facilitate biodiversity in permanent and semi-natural (i.e. managed) grasslands in temperate climate, with a particular focus on phytodiversity. The chapter ex...
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Good practice in minimising the development of fungicide resistance in crop pathogens
Good practice requires consistent resistance management messages, based on sound evidence, communicated to farmers and advisers by key stakeholders. Understanding of resistance has been revolutionised by a combination of new techniques for genotyping, phenotyping, experimentation and modelling. Y...
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Minimising the development of antimicrobial resistance on dairy farms: appropriate use of antibiotics for the treatment of mastitis
Mastitis is the most prevalent bacterial disease among dairy cows, and the majority of antimicrobials given to dairy cows are for the prevention or treatment of this disease. Thus, a thorough understanding of mastitis is necessary when considering the appropriate use of antibiotics. After reviewi...
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The use of gene editing techniques in dairy cattle breeding
As the global population increases and incomes rise, global demand for dairy products is predicted to grow rapidly. The dairy industry will need to produce more product with fewer resources in the face of an ever-changing climate. Gene editing could complement existing technologies to increase pr...
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Setting environmental targets for dairy farming
Environmental targets for dairy farming are necessary to help ensure that milk is produced in a sustainable way. However, setting such targets is not an easy task due to the variety of both dairy farming systems and methods for assessing environmental impacts. The IDF and FAO have undertaken impo...
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Advances in dairy lipid science: physicochemical aspects
The physical properties of milk fat are intrinsically related to its chemical composition. This in turn is linked to animal feeding and to a lesser extent to genetics. Understanding the relation between these factors is utmost important to define the effects of animal feeding strategies on milk f...
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A question of culture: bringing the gut microbiome to life in the -omics era
Research of the mammalian gut microbiome has in recent years been principally defined by the culture independent analysis of the genetic potential inherent to these microbial communities. However, there has been a renewed interest in culture-based studies of the gut microbiome to increase both t...
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The water-energy-food nexus (wef)
This chapter briefly introduces the nexus approach, focussing on water issues. It is not an attempt to summarise the vast literature on the topic but rather to illustrate the concept by presenting selected examples of each element of the nexus and their interlinkages (water–energy, energy–food, a...
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Maintaining soil fertility and health in organic crop cultivation
Maintaining the health and fertility of our soils is central to the productivity of farming systems because of the key role that both health and fertility play in crop production. The links between soil health and the health consumers (both animal and human) and the wider ecosystem are important ...
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Viral metagenomics and sugarcane pathogens
Plant viral metagenomics has recently proved effective for studying the collection of plant viruses. The advent of metagenomics-based approaches has led to the discovery and characterization of new plant viruses. This chapter describes the plant virus metagenomics methods developed during the las...
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Losses and waste in fruits and vegetables
Fresh horticultural produce is key to good health and nutrition. However, the supply of fruits and vegetables is limited by very high levels of loss and waste. This chapter reviews the magnitude of losses and waste of fruit and vegetables as well as key issues in estimating losses. It provides a ...
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Global patterns of cereal diseases and the impacts of breeding for host plant resistance
Plant breeding for host plant resistance to pathogens brings together different disciplinary domains, especially genetics and plant pathology. The strategies underpinning plant breeding have therefore, logically, been influenced by a number of paradigms that have dominated the field of disease ma...
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Advances in managing arable weed propagules
The soil propagule bank acts as a reservoir from where weeds colonize arable fields and is composed of weeds seeds and ramets, which are fragments from clonal growth of perennial weeds. This chapter first describes the ways by which weed propagules have been historically managed. It then discusse...
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Advances in understanding the role of forests in the carbon cycle
The recognition that increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide are warming the global climate has led to forests being viewed as potential natural ways to reduce carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere. Forests’ complex interactions with local and global climates, however, make predi...
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Instant insights: proximal sensors in agriculture
This collection features four peer-reviewed reviews on proximal sensors in agriculture.
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National governance and tropical forests: key challenges
This chapter reviews the status and trends of tropical forest governance, how it is manifested in sustainable forest management (SFM), and what can improve it. The chapter starts by drawing attention to the development ambitions which provide a context for efforts to preserve or sustainably manag...
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Improving disease surveillance and monitoring systems in pig herds
Disease monitoring and surveillance are valuable tools which are commonly used today in pig production in order to better monitor and manage the health of the pig herds. Developing the proper disease monitoring program requires a general understanding of all factors which could significantly imp...
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The effect of cultivation techniques on tea quality
The profitability of tea production depends on whether the type of tea produced has the right quality that is acceptable to consumers. However, sensory evaluation of tea alone has been criticized as subjective. This chapter examines the environmental and agronomic factors lying behind tea quality...
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Understanding and identifying bacterial disease in swine
Infections with bacterial pathogens have a significant impact on the health, well-being and performance of pigs worldwide. Infections are responsible for antimicrobial use, and therefore, increase the risk for the development of antimicrobial resistance. Some bacterial pathogens in swine are also...
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Assessing the environmental impact of sheep production
Sheep production may impact locally on water, air and soil quality, as well as globally, for example contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. Sheep production can also impact biodiversity, human health via various pollutants, and community and cultural well-being. This chapter examines how life ...
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Assessing the impact of environmental factors on the quality of greenhouse produce
In recent years, product quality has become more and more important, due to consumer concerns paired with well-being and a healthy lifestyle. Product quality is a complex, multidimensional and multi-factorial issue that relates to different factors. In this chapter, the objective, measurable and ...
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Advances in conventional soybean breeding techniques
Soybean cultivar selection techniques and advances in variety development continue to evolve. The planning that goes into selecting superior soybean varieties is currently complicated by changing environments, a growing global population and decreasing productive farmland. In this chapter, the mo...
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Genetic modification of grain legumes
Grain legumes constitute a number of important oilseeds and food crops of the world. Most of these grow predominantly in the low-input production systems in the developing countries of Asia and Africa and are subject to several production constraints. This chapter addresses progress in and prospe...
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Improving methods for developing new microbial biopesticides
This chapter discusses improving methods for developing new microbial biopesticides. It begins by highlighting the role and economics of biopesticides. The chapter moves on to analyse the strategic framework for biopesticide development and provides an overview of the biopesticide development pro...
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Integrated weed management in barley cultivation
Weed infestations in barley can cause yield reductions and reduce the quality of harvested product. Weed management before, during and after the crop is important to reduce weed populations. Weed management in barley is currently heavily reliant on herbicides for weed control, and this reactive a...
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Fungicide resistance risk assessment
New fungicide active substances are at risk of losing efficacy due to the development of resistance in target pathogen populations. In the European Union, an assessment of resistance risk is required by regulatory authorities for the approval of each fungicide product This chapter will review the...
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Grain legumes in integrated crop management systems
This chapter focuses on integrated crop management strategies to increase grain legume production in rainfed, resource-poor farming systems. Generally, grain legumes fail to reach even half of their potential yields in these systems. For rainfed grain legumes the major contributor to the yield ga...
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Nested association mapping in barley to identify extractable trait genes
Wild germplasm contains a wealth of alleles, which are useful in modern agriculture. Nested association mapping (NAM) makes use of wild germplasm by developing multi-parental populations after crossing a single elite cultivar to a number of exotic donors. The resulting NAM lines are subsequently ...
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The use of insects in integrated weed management
Seed predation by insects is a potentially promising approach to the regulation of weeds that could offset herbicide use as part of integrated weed management. Using the example of carabid beetles, as the most intensively studied grouping of insect weed seed predators, this chapter describes the ...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of mangoes
Mangoes are grown widely across Asia, Africa, the Americas and Southern Europe. This volume summarises the wealth of recent research on enhancing mango cultivation. Topics include developments in understanding mango genetics and breeding as well as cultivation, pest and disease management.
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Dietary factors affecting the composition of cow’s milk
The ability to change milk composition via cow diet can lead to increases in the yield and functional properties of dairy products. Inducing such changes via diet can lead to more rapid and reversible changes to milk composition than other contributing factors . However, some components are more ...
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Advances in dairy cattle breeding to improve resistance to mastitis
Mastitis, an inflammatory response associated with bacterial infections, is generally regarded as the most-costly disease of dairy cattle because of its high incidence and effects on milk production and composition. Genetic selection for highly productive dairy cows has been very successful; howe...
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Developing smart agri-food supply chains
This collection provides an authoritative assessment of the current issues challenging the safety of agri-food supply chains and the recent technological developments implemented to improve safety and quality at all levels.
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Genetic improvement of sugarcane by transgenic, intragenic and genome editing technologies
The grand social, economic and environmental challenges of the twenty-first century are demanding the acceleration of the genetic improvement of sugarcane to sustainably produce sugar and biofuel and to support the emerging bio-based economy. This chapter focuses on the contributions and future p...
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Advances in temperate agroforestry
This collection reviews key recent advances in temperate agroforestry. The book considers the role of temperate agroforestry in promoting biodiversity and key ecosystem services such as soil carbon sequestration, as well as recent developments in different types of silvopastoral and silvoarable s...
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Assessing alternative fiber sources from by-products
Feeding plant-based by-products to dairy cattle has become so commonplace for some of the ingredients that they are no longer thought of as secondary products from food processing. These feed ingredients allow for more economical approaches for meeting the nutritional needs of dairy cattle and co...
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Understanding and boosting poultry immune systems
In the perpetual battle against common poultry pathogens and other environmental antigens, the role of the immune system is an important and ongoing topic of research. This chapter reviews the various elements of the host defence system in poultry, and then provides specific examples of how certa...
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Effect of processing techniques on the quality of animal feed
The objective of this chapter is to demonstrate how the manipulation of extrusion processing parameters such as specific mechanical energy (SME) can directly influence the nutritional value of a given formulation component such as starch in a dry animal feed formulation.
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Sorghum breeding for biotic stress tolerance
Sorghum breeding is poised to take advantage of remarkable advances in genomics and molecular technologies. Thus, while classical breeding methods have been successful in identifying and incorporating resistance to biotic stresses, this chapter will feature the use of the new tools and technologi...
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Factors affecting fat content and distribution of fat in cattle and carcasses
Beef cattle are highly efficient at depositing fat, and they deposit fats in a specific order: first abdominal, then seam (intermuscular), then subcutaneous and finally marbling (intramuscular, interfascicular) fat. The development and composition of these fat deposits are influenced by the diet ...
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Advances in assessing nutrient availability in soils
Plants depend on sufficient and timely soil availability of 14 essential nutrients. In order to achieve sustainable and resource-efficient plant production with high yields and minimal environmental impact, soil analyses aimed at assessing nutrient availability should be considered an important a...
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Understanding and optimizing the use of prebiotics in pig nutrition
This chapter discussed the use of prebiotics in pig nutrition. It begins with a section covering dietary fibre and prebiotics, then moves on to describe types of prebiotics, including: oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and non-carbohydrate prebiotics. Next, mode of actions for prebiotics is expl...
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Advances in understanding flavour development in poultry meat
This chapter reviews advances in understanding flavour development in poultry meat. It starts by examining the flavour chemistry of poultry meat, then moves on to discuss the flavour precursors of poultry meat, focusing specifically on water soluble components and lipids. The chapter also highlig...
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Beneficial compounds from coffee leaves
Leaves are the leading source of carbon for plant growth and reproduction, and possess a wide range of protection systems against environmental stress. The leaves of the coffee plant, characterized by a high antioxidant potential, have a significant impact on fruit quality, and identifying marker...
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The potential role for tea in combating chronic diseases
Tea, made from the leaves of the plant Camellia sinensis, Theaceae, is a popular beverage worldwide. For the past 30 years, tea has been studied extensively for its beneficial health effects in the prevention of cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative diseases; reduction o...
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Development of rice varieties with improved iron content in grain
Iron deficiency constitutes one of the most prevalent forms of micronutrient deficiencies affecting human health. Biofortification of food crops is suggested as a suitable approach to address iron deficiency in a sustainable and cost-effective manner. Rice, a staple food for over half of the worl...
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Agronomic and environmental factors affecting rice grain quality
Recent research has shown the importance of both cultivation practices and environmental factors in determining the yield and quality of rice crops. These aspects of rice production are increasingly important given the need to develop sustainable production techniques which will provide food secu...
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Measuring and improving the environmental performance of organic farming
There is a large and growing body of literature comparing the environmental performance of organic and conventional farming in specific settings, either on farm or product level. However, how one assesses ‘environmental performance’ is a complex and multifaceted question, and one-dimensional indi...
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Modelling the impact of climate change on agriculture in australia and oceania
In the past few decades, the Oceania region has experienced a general trend of rising temperature, increased rainfall variability, declining rainfall in parts of Australia and New Zealand, and increased rainfall, particularly extreme events in other parts of the Oceanian region. These changes pos...
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Effects of crop rotations and intercropping on soil health
There has been an increasing interest in evaluating the health of soil resources motivated by the growing cognizance that soil is a critically important component of the earth’s biosphere, playing an important functional role not only in producing food and fibre, but also in maintaining ecosystem...
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The role and range of voluntary standards and certification systems governing sustainable agricultural practices
This chapter charts the development and progressive broadening of sustainability as a concept, focusing on the particular role of voluntary sustainability standards set up by individual companies as well as sectors such as coffee and palm oil. It discusses the challenges of coordinating the multi...
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Muscle fibre types and beef quality
The quality of bovine meat is related to the composition of the source muscles. Bovine skeletal muscle is mainly composed of three types of muscle fibres that are found in varying proportions in different muscles. The proportion of these different fibre types varies with biological and environmen...
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Agroforestry practices: forest farming
Forest farming is a relatively low-tech agroforestry practice for the cultivation of shade-tolerant non-timber forest products (NTFPs) such as medicinal plants, mushrooms, fruits, nuts, tree syrups and/or nursery stock. It is an ecologically sustainable way for forest owners to generate income, w...
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Growth, development and physiology of grain sorghum
A thorough understanding of how grain sorghum develops is essential in determining how best to manage this crop. Grain sorghum has three predictable phases of growth: vegetative (planting to panicle initiation); reproductive (panicle initiation to flowering) and grain filling (after flowering to ...
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On-farm biomass technologies for heat and power
Biomass in its various forms, has long been combusted to provide useful heat on farms. Applications include heating of water, crop drying, animal housing, and heated greenhouses for protected vegetable and flower production. Biomass resources are often available on the farm including from crop re...
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Conservation agriculture in the agri-environmental european context
Conservation Agriculture is a real sustainable agricultural system, capable of providing solutions for most, if not all, of the agri-environmental challenges in Europe. Indeed, most of the challenges addressed in the Common Agriculture Policy could be faced through Conservation Agriculture. Not o...
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Welfare of laying hens: an overview
Although the majority of the world’s laying hens are still housed in conventional (‘battery’) cages, public concern for the welfare of laying hens is rapidly changing the methods by which eggs are being produced and marketed in many regions of the world. However, alternative housing systems have ...
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Managing energy demands in irrigated agriculture
The modernisation of irrigation districts, where traditional networks based on open channels are replaced by pressurised pipe networks, represents a change in the delicate balance between water and energy use. In this way, water use efficiency is increased, but energy consumption is highly augmen...
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Advances in robotic milking
In recent years, growth in the number of robotic milking installations on farms has been driven by the need for better labour management and also for improved quality of life for dairy producers. This chapter reviews published research on such robotic milking systems (RMS). Aspects related to bar...
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The role of food losses and waste in food insecurity
The chapter attempts to demonstrate some aspects related to the role of food losses and waste (FLW) in food insecurity, in two parts: (i) identifying direct linkages between FLW and food insecurity - that is a predictor of malnutrition (i.e. underweight, overweight and obesity, micronutrient defi...
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Smallholder integrated organic farming: how can it work in the tropics?
Organic animal farming in the tropics varies considerably across countries and regions, and comprises many different types of systems with significant variation in the degree to which animals are integrated into the systems. The chapter focuses on the issues associated with keeping animals on org...
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Agroforestry: a system for improving soil health
Introducing agroforestry into agroecosystems can be an important method to help promote soil health by its influence on soil physical, chemical and biological properties. This chapter highlights the benefits of agroforestry systems on soil properties important for soil health. These include criti...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of coffee
Coffee is one of the most widely-traded commodities in the world. This volume summarises research addressing key challenges in coffee cultivation, including genetic diversity and breeding improved varieties. Other chapters discuss how to measure and improve quality traits.
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Integrated management of soil-borne insect and fungal pests of coffee
This chapter reviews the main soil-borne insect pests and fungal diseases affecting coffee plants. It begins by assessing insect pests such as termites, leaf-cutting ants, mealybugs, cicadas, root flies and White grubs. In each case, the chapter includes an overview, discussión of pest life cycle...
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Advances in understanding pig nutritional requirements and metabolism
This chapter focuses on the advances in understanding pig nutritional requirements and metabolism. The authors begin by outlining optimising sow nutrition throughout gestation and lactation, covering the management of gilt weight on herd entry, nutrition to prevent sow lameness, minimising variat...
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Instant insights: regulatory frameworks for new agricultural products and technologies
This book provides a unique overview of the legal and regulatory challenges facing the development and commercialisation of new agricultural products and technologies, including cultured meat, genome editing, bioprotectants, biopesticides and novel animal feed ingredients.
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Organic amendments to improve soil health and crop productivity: a case study in china
This chapter focuses on three long-term fertilization experiments with a temperature and precipitation gradient from China, which aim to improve soil fertility, maintain soil health and increase crop productivity. After outlining the approaches adopted in long-term experiments in fertilization ma...
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Advances and challenges in blueberry breeding
Efforts have steadily increased towards understanding the biological processes underlying key physiological traits in blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum). Studies have shown high levels of genetic diversity are present within this species, much of which remains to be harnessed. This chapter introduc...
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Advances in understanding potato plant physiology and growth
Potato physiology determines how genetically-encoded developmental attributes interact with local environmental conditions, as modified through agricultural practice, to produce the final crop. This chapter highlights how physiological responses of potato to management choices made by growers and...
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Advances in soil respiration techniques for assessing soil microbial activity
For more than a century, soil respiration measurements have been used to understand soil microbial activity in different ecosystems and contexts. Continued methodological development and advances in sensing technologies are opening new avenues for exploration and insight. Nonetheless, the underly...
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Understanding and measuring plant water use
Plant water use is inextricably linked to both agricultural productivity and sustainable water resource management. Unlike plants in natural ecosystems, crops and horticultural species benefit from the active management of their growing environments. Tremendous advancements have been made towards...
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Advances in genetic improvement of durable resistance to fusarium head blight in wheat
Wheat Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a destructive disease in wheat worldwide. Wheat resistance to FHB is a complex with five types. Each type of resistance is controlled by multiple quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with most having minor effects and being affected by environments. This chapter desc...
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The effect of incubation temperature on embryonic development in poultry
The aim of this chapter is to examine the specific effects of exogenous and endogenous heat on embryonic growth during different stages of incubation, with an emphasis on controlled incubation temperature studies. The chapter explores the challenges inherent in establishing a temperature recommen...
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Ensuring the genetic diversity of apples
Widely-used apple cultivars exhibit low resistance to pathogens and low tolerance to climatic threats. This chapter reviews the threats to apple production and the resulting need for new varieties of apple. It considers the advantages of using progenitor species of Malus × domestica in traditiona...
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Opportunities and challenges in crossbreeding dairy cattle in temperate regions
Crossbreeding is an old technology; however, when used in today’s dairy systems, crossbreeding can produce profitable results for dairy producers. Interest in crossbreeding of dairy cattle has become a topic of great interest in the last ten years and has developed in response to concerns dairy p...
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Enhancing texture and tenderness in poultry meat
The texture and tenderness of poultry meat are key factors in ensuring consumer satisfaction, and these qualities are significantly affected by how birds are treated before, during and after slaughter. This chapter begins by explaining how, after slaughter, the decline of muscle pH and the develo...
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Breeding green super rice (gsr) varieties for sustainable rice cultivation
Improving low rice productivity in rainfed areas of Asia and Africa and sustaining rice productivity in irrigated rice lands are challenges in the coming decades for the global rice research community. Green Super Rice (GSR), rice cultivars that can produce high and stable yields under less input...
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Digital tools for assessing soil organic carbon at farm and regional scale
This chapter explores the digital tools for assessing soil organic carbon at farm and regional scale. It first reviews monitoring, reporting and verification frameworks, which is then followed by a discussion of the sampling strategies that can be used for soil organic carbon estimation. A sectio...
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Fulfilling the promise of sustainability certification: reflections from the rainforest alliance
Since the emergence of voluntary sustainability standards in the 1990s, certification has gone mainstream, boosting traceability, providing a platform for diverse stakeholders to collaborate, accelerating corporate due diligence policies and driving many on-farm improvements such as higher crop y...
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Understanding the development of the gut microbiome in pigs: an overview
Living organisms continuously and intimately interact with commensal microbial communities referred to as microbiota and microbiomes. These complex ecosystems provide their hosts with vital services. The gut microbiome develops and diversifies after birth in pigs, as in all mammals. The diversifi...
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Cocoa plant propagation techniques to supply farmers with improved planting materials
The availability of high-performance planting materials to cocoa farmers is an important part of a package of measures to improve the productivity of cocoa farms and thus the sustainability of the cocoa economy. This chapter reviews the methods, advantages and challenges of techniques of mass pro...
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Advances in decision support systems (dsss) for integrated pest management in horticultural crops
Decision support systems (DSS) are an vital tool in advancing the integrated management of horticultural pests. Whether the DSS support strategic, tactical or operational decisions, they can enable growers and their advisors to make difficult choices based on the best information on potential ris...
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The past, present and future of fusarium wilt of banana caused by tropical race 4
Fusarium wilt of banana (FWB) Tropical Race 4 (TR4) is caused by the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium odoratissimum. At present, the spread of TR4 has been documented in at least 21 countries throughout all major Cavendish banana-producing regions of the world. It seems inevitable that TR4 will c...
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Advances in understanding immune response in dairy cattle
From the beginning, cattle have made important contributions to the field of immunology, including the development of the first Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine for human tuberculosis in 1921. In 1981 the first report of a biosynthesized polypeptide vaccine against Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FM...
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Understanding and preventing spoilage of cow’s milk
Milk spoilage is essentially a result of inadequate control of the growth of microorganisms, combined with the activity of enzymes which have found their way into milk from production and processing environments. Microorganisms have developed strategies to survive and thrive in cold (psychrotroph...
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Organic potato cultivation
Organic potato cultivation requires a whole system perspective, with particular focus on rotation design. Producing organic potatoes relies strongly on indirect, preventive and long-term strategic measures for both plant nutrition and plant protection. This chapter examines all aspects of the pro...
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Effects of metabolic modifiers on beef carcass composition and meat quality
Metabolic modifiers are compounds that are either fed to animals or implanted to improve rate of gain, feed efficiency, dressing percent, carcass meat yield, visual meat quality, shelf life or meat palatability. This chapter presents a general review of the effects of metabolic modifiers on carca...
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Advances and challenges in sustainable apple cultivation
Developing sustainable apple cultivation is based on both a better knowledge of tree architecture and physiology in relation to fruiting, and on how the tree interacts with its abiotic and biotic environments. Improving knowledge in these domains is crucial to take into account the societal deman...
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Consumer trends in apple sales
Different participants in the global apple market have different goals. Consumer trends are influenced by numerous supply and demand factors. This chapter reviews the influence of suppliers and retailers on apple sales. It describes the global forces affecting apple demand. It explains the recent...
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The genetic diversity of mangoes
This chapter provides a list of the principal mango cultivars, selected on the basis of their local and global importance. The description of cultivars is based on evaluations conducted by Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden in Miami, Florida. The data reflects some 30 years of research. Descriptio...
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Advances in developing vaccines for emerging diseases in pigs
The rise of emerging and re-emerging infectious pig diseases is due to various complex factors, including natural processes of natural selection of pathogens, changes in the environment and an increased ability to diagnose new pathogens. These diseases are considered a major threat to the global ...
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Regulatory frameworks and standards for agricultural robotics in the european union
Agricultural robotics is profoundly shaped by existing regulation, in particular relating to product safety certification, civil liability, and data access and usage. The chapter provides an overview of said topics, taking into account existing proposal for future regulation, namely the so-called...
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Advances in understanding soil erodibility
Soil erodibility refers to the vulnerability of a soil to erosion. This chapter discusses approaches to defining soil erodibility. It then reviews two key soil properties affecting erodibility: aggregate stability and shear stress stability. The chapter assesses individual and combined techniques...
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Conservation agriculture in central america, the caribbean and mexico
This chapter provides an overview of the actual level of Conservation Agriculture (CA) adoption in Central America, the Caribbean and Mexico. Estimated values in hectares under CA came from collaborators of El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico and Nicaragua. The estimated total area under dif...
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