Philosophy

The Cause of the foundation of schools, which has been written around 600 by the East Syriac author Barhadbeshabba, is practically unique in intellectual history by explaining the anthropological phenomenon of schools.

The author, who was himself a teacher at the famous School of Nisibis in Upper Mesopotamia, describes the history of divine and human schools until his own lifetime by renarrating important parts of biblical history as forms of teachings, paying attention to the Greek philosophical tradition and the teachings of Persian Zoroastrianism. He introduces his work by a sketch of his own philosophical convictions regarding our knowledge of God, the necessity of logic and the status of our soul. Due to its diverse contents, the work finds since a long time the interest not only of specalists of Eastern Christianity, but also of ancient historians, of historians of philosophy and of researchers in the field of religion, esp. Coranic and Zorostrian Studies. A new critical edition of this important text is been for a long time a desideratum, because the first editor Addai Scher could not use all extant manuscripts. For this reason, the text is re-edited here with introduction, translation and notes, using four extant manuscripts as well as the documentation of three, last one’s given by Addai Scher in its 1907 edition. The introduction describes the manuscripts and their relationship as well as the circumstances of the text’s composition.

Thus, this new edition will be an indispensable tool for anybody working in the field of intellectual history of the Near East immediately before the rise of Islam.

Die antike Philosophie hat unterschiedliche Formen von Begründung und Erklärung entwickelt, die für die Wissenschaftsgeschichte einflussreich waren.

Die Beiträge des 7. Kongresses der Gesellschaft für antike Philosophie (GANPH), der vom 4. bis 7. Oktober 2022 in Marburg stattfand, gehen diesen Ansätzen nach und umfassen die gesamte Zeit der griechisch-römischen Antike, von den Vorsokratikern bis in die christliche Spätantike. Dabei wird auch die Frage beleuchtet, in welchem Verhältnis Erklärungsansätze der Philosophie zu anderen Ansätzen standen, wie sie Epos, Tragödie, Geschichtsschreibung sowie Mythos und Religion entwickelten. Auf diese Weise bietet der Band eine große Breite von Interpretationen unterschiedlicher Texte.

Leitfragen sind: Wie verlaufen Argumentationen in philosophischen und wissenschaftlichen Texten der Antike? Welche anderen Formen der Erklärung, etwa in epischer und dramatische Form, gibt es? Wo und warum integrieren philosophische und wissenschaftliche Autoren Formen nicht-wissenschaftlicher Erklärungen? Welche Formen von Wissenschaftstheorie gibt es, und welche Erklärungsmuster bieten sie?

Abgerundet wird das Themenspektrum durch einen Ausblick darauf, wie moderne Wissenschaftstheorie Erklärungsmuster in den Wissenschaften (v. a. den Naturwissenschaften) diskutiert und welche Überlegungen zum Erklärungspotential narrativer Modelle es gibt.

What is art? What does art offer? Why does art move us? The CRC Different Aesthetics pursues these questions. In doing so, and by directing its attention towards the 2000-year history of European culture and art before the 18^th century, it aims to transform perspectives within aesthetic discussions. This volume introduces the research undertaken by the CRC 1391. It outlines the benefits of concentrating on the pre-modern period, lays out the subsequent adjustments to analytical tools and methods, and presents the resulting consequences for the study of aesthetics.

The contributions, which range from philology and literary studies, art history, archaeology, and musicology to historical science, theology, and the digital humanities offer concrete examples of this approach.

In Iran gehört Kant zu den meist diskutierten Philosophen überhaupt. Seine Schriften werden von unterschiedlichen philosophischen und politischen Lagern rezipiert und im Verhältnis zu wichtigen islamischen Philosophen wie Avicenna und Molla Sadra diskutiert. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht Kontext und Zugänge der Kantrezeption in Iran und zeigt, wie Kants Denken einen festen Platz im philosophischen Diskurs des Iran erhalten hat.

What is beauty, and what is its political function? In what ways might it help undermine white supremacy and cultivate a more democratic political culture? Democracy and Beauty shines a light on W. E. B. Du Bois’s attempts to answer these questions during the decade surrounding the First World War and, in so doing, offers a groundbreaking account of the philosopher’s aesthetics.

Robert Gooding-Williams reconstructs Du Bois’s defense of the political potential of beauty to challenge oppressive systems and foster an inclusive democracy. White supremacy is a powerful force that defies rational revision, Du Bois argued, because it is rooted in the entrenched routines of its adherents. Beauty, however, has a distinctive role to play in the struggle against white supremacy. It can strengthen resolve and ward off despair by showing the oppressed that they can alter their social world, and it can unsettle and even transform the pernicious habits that perpetuate white supremacy. Gooding-Williams also explores Du Bois’s account of the interplay among white supremacy, Christianity, capitalism, and imperialism as well as key tensions in his work. A rich engagement with Du Bois’s philosophy of beauty, this book demonstrates the relevance of his social thought and aesthetics to present-day arguments about Black pessimism, Black optimism, and the aesthetic turn in Black studies.

In the early 1950s, the young Michel Foucault took a keen interest in the method of existential analysis—Daseinsanalyse—developed by the Swiss psychiatrist Ludwig Binswanger. He gave a lecture course on this topic at the University of Lille in the spring of 1953 and wrote a detailed introduction to the 1954 French translation of Binswanger’s Dream and Existence (1930), in which he promised a forthcoming book that would “situate existential analysis within the development of contemporary reflection on man.” This book presents Foucault’s unpublished manuscript on Binswanger and existential analysis for the first time in English, offering crucial insight into his intellectual development.

Foucault carries out a systematic examination of Daseinsanalyse, contrasting it with psychiatry, psychoanalysis, and phenomenology and championing its ambition to understand mental illness. In his critique of existential analysis, Foucault began his turn toward emphasizing the primacy of experience, which would lead to the radically new perspective and genealogical methods of The History of Madness and The History of Sexuality. Revealing a little-known influence on Foucault’s historicist approach, Binswanger and Existential Analysis reminds us of his unparalleled ability to destabilize our conceptions of self.

Das Verhältnis zwischen Rationalität und Moralität, der philosophische Humanismus, innovative Perspektiven auf Freiheit und Verantwortung sind nur einige der Themen der Philosophie von Julian Nida-Rümelin bietet die Sammlung ein breites Spektrum an Denkanstößen. Die Autor/-innen, oft selbst Studenten von Nida-Rümelin und heute wichtige Stimmen im zeitgenössischen wissenschaftlichen Diskurs, setzen sich kritisch mit seinem Werk auseinander und liefern eine differenzierte Reflexion über dessen Beitrag zur Philosophie. Zu den Beiträger*innen gehören unter anderem die Berliner Strafrechtlerin Tatjana Hörnle, der Philosoph Erasmus Mayr (Erlangen), der Rechtshistoriker Dietmar von der Pfordten (Göttingen) und die Philosophin Katja Vogt (Columbia University, New York NY).

Dieser Band ist nicht nur eine Würdigung eines bedeutenden philosophischen Oeuvres, sondern trägt auch zu dessen kritischer Weiterentwicklung bei. Durch die Integration neuer Denkansätze und die kritische Reflexion über Nida-Rümelins Werk eröffnet die Sammlung einen Raum für weiterführende Diskussionen innerhalb der philosophischen Fachcommunity.

What does it mean to love? Does love complete us, giving us purpose and meaning? Or does it tie us down and even harm us? Is erotic desire complicit in oppression, or could it deliver liberation? Are our desires extricable from the wrongs of our societies? And in today’s world, is love still worth the trouble?

This book develops a critical theory of sexual love and friendship, offering profound new ways to understand the troublesome nature of eros. Federica Gregoratto explores the ambivalence of erotic love, which is at once intimately interwoven with heterosexism, racism, and neoliberal capitalism yet entices us with the tantalizing possibility of transformation. Drawing on a rich array of sources—from Frankfurt School critical theory to feminist thought and contemporary philosophies of emotions and affects, as well as poetry, novels, films, and music—she argues that love provides unexpected resources for political agency, resistance, and emancipation. Gregoratto makes a passionate defense of erotic freedom as an adventurous process through which we understand, together with others, who we are and who we want to become, both in our individual existences and in our social lives. Wide-ranging and daring, Love Troubles invites us to reflect on our fraught amorous experiences, showing why we should cherish and learn from them.

This collection of essays delves into the central human problem of interpersonal violence, proposing nonviolence as a powerful antidote. Drawing from the author’s personal experiences, philosophical reflections, and scholarly work over the past two decades, the book offers a multifaceted exploration of nonviolence through ethical, spiritual, and practical lenses. Beginning with the author’s early pacifism shaped by the violence of the 1980s and the post-9/11 world, the essays provide insights into the complexities of practicing nonviolence in a violent society.

The book examines various aspects of nonviolence, including the ethical foundations rooted in love and morality, the influence of spirituality and disciplined practice on peacemaking, and the practical challenges of nonviolent parenting. It engages with critical theories of violence, critiques deterministic views of human aggression, and explores the role of somaesthetics and body consciousness in cultivating a nonviolent ethos. The essays also tackle the philosophical underpinnings of political nonviolence, from pacifism and nonresistance to pragmatic approaches that challenge traditional definitions of success in conflict.

Through an interdisciplinary approach, the book weaves together historical analysis, philosophical discourse, and personal narrative to present nonviolence as more than an ideal but as a practical guide for living. It highlights the importance of virtues such as kindness, empathy, and respect, drawing on the works of influential figures such as Gandhi, King, and Nhat Hanh. Ultimately, this collection seeks to inspire readers to consider nonviolence not merely as an ethical stance but as a transformative way of being in the world, offering hope for a less violent future.

Wittgenstein used the concept of language games to refer to all forms of linguistic expression in practical contexts and to the myriad ways in which signs are used in language. He used the term to specify speaking as an activity and to relate it to a form of life. Wittgenstein was well aware that his proposal for “language games” did not solve the central problems of language. Until today, the essential characteristics of the concept remain unspecified.

The contributors in this volume analyze the reasons for the difficulties in understanding the concept and propose new essential characteristics and contents, by examining language games such as certainty and error, belief, strategy, and their linguistic foundations.

Under the Eastern Han dynasty (25–220 CE), a self-described recluse wrote a series of essays denouncing the evils of his time. Assailing corruption, misrule, and neglect of the common people, Wang Fu’s Essays of a Recluse (Qianfulun) offers a rare outsider view of culture, society, and government during this period. This book presents the first full English translation of the Qianfulun, one of the most significant works to survive from the Eastern Han period.

Wang’s essays range across moral philosophy, cosmology, education, military affairs, and conflict in the borderlands. The essays decry governmental corruption and rampant litigiousness, as well as the callous neglect of the poor and the exploitation of women. To remedy these failures, Wang Fu calls for heeding the wisdom of the classics and implementing procedures for recruiting worthy officials. His focused interest in the common people and sensitivity to their travails make Essays of a Recluse a rich source of information about daily life during the Eastern Han period, providing insights into folk religion, divination, marriage practices, and the legal system. Widely admired in his lifetime, Wang’s essays were later singled out by Han Yu (768–824 CE) as one of the three great works of the period. Anne Behnke Kinney and John S. Major’s expert translation makes an important but notoriously complex and difficult work accessible to a range of English-language readers.

What is the relationship between the ethical transformation of the self and the political transformation of the world? This book explores the ways several twentieth-century thinkers can help us relate the “care of the self” to the “care of the other,” tracing their accounts of how and why practices intended to change an individual can help spur social and political change, just as collective political action can produce a transformation of the self.

Daniel Louis Wyche examines the political implications of what he calls practices of ethical self-change. These include Pierre Hadot’s notion of “spiritual exercises”; what the French sociologist of labor Georges Friedmann calls the “interior effort”; Michel Foucault’s ethics of the “care of the self”; what Martin Luther King Jr. refers to as the work of “self-purification” integral to direct action; and Audre Lorde’s claim that caring for herself constitutes a form of “political warfare.” Wyche argues that these concepts can collectively provide an understanding that effaces distinctions between the care of the self, the other, and the community in a way that avoids reducing the political to the ethical. Ambitious and nuanced, The Care of the Self and the Care of the Other offers a framework for unifying individual moral action and collective political life.

The book brings together the philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard with that of another prominent proto-existentialist thinker, Fyodor Dostoevsky. Asking the question: "What constitutes an authentic Christian life?", the book explores the answer given by both authors, which is that one should rid oneself of selfish inclinations and strive for a life of faith that revolves around the virtues of humility and non-preferential love. However, as we learn from Dostoevsky and Kierkegaard, becoming an authentic individual is no easy task, and the book goes on to examine the obstacles that lie in the path of individual existential self-development.

The book then examines the ways in which the various characters and pseudonymous authors who populate Dostoevsky's and Kierkegaard's books struggle in their attempts to become authentic ethical and religious individuals. The examination of this struggle, termed existential entrapment and defined as the inability to progress on the path of one's existential self-development, forms the core of the book and helps to map out the ethical-religious landscape of Dostoevsky’s and Kierkegaard’s thought.

Kant ist immer wieder der Vorwurf gemacht worden, den seine kritische Philosophie fundierenden Stämmedualismus von Sinnlichkeit und Verstand nicht begründet, sondern bloß vorausgesetzt zu haben. Träfe der Vorwurf zu, stünde die gesamte Kantische Philosophie auf tönernen Füßen. Denn nicht nur die transzendentale Theorie der Erkenntnis und die Kritik der Metaphysik, auch die praktische Philosophie, Ästhetik und Teleologie hängen letztlich vom Dualismus der Erkenntnisstämme ab. Der Vorwurf ist nicht gerechtfertigt. Das Buch zeigt, dass Kant eine klare Vorstellung von der Begründung der Unterscheidung zwischen den Vermögen der Sinnlichkeit und des Verstandes als den einzigen Quellen menschlicher Erkenntnis hat. Diese Begründung wird rekonstruiert anhand der Detailanalyse der Theorie der Vorstellungsarten: Anschauung und Begriff, die Kant seit der Raumschrift von 1768 entwickelt und in seiner kritischen Philosophie vor allem in Auseinandersetzung mit der Leibniz-Wolffschen Theorie der Repräsentation entfaltet. Den Kern der Argumentation bildet die von Kant eingeführte neue Konzeption des Einzelnen und des Allgemeinen, der zufolge die Anschauung als einzelne Vorstellung und der Begriff als allgemeine Vorstellung irreduzible Vorstellungsarten sind. Die im erkennenden Subjekt verankerte Dualität der Einzelheit der Anschauung und der Allgemeinheit des Begriffs erweist sich so als die unhintergehbare Fundamentalunterscheidung der kritischen Philosophie, die bis heute für jede Kant-Kritik eine Herausforderung darstellt.

This book explores forgiveness as a philosophical matter. Responding to the curious omission of forgiveness in much of Western philosophy, it examines common themes and divergences on forgiveness in the works of Augustine, Kierkegaard, and Arendt. These writers understood forgiveness as a paradox—it must be contained to be given (Augustine), granted-yet-not-granted (Kierkegaard), and forgotten the moment it is given, as if never given at all (Arendt). Drawing on these insights, can forgiveness be then thought of as a hidden existential capacity and not as a magnanimous display of mercy? Can we imagine forgiveness as undoing the transgression we see, and secretly engaging with the imperceptible impossibility of undoing what has indeed been done?　

Alain Badiou’s 1985 seminar on Parmenides initiated his ongoing dialogue with the pre-Socratic philosopher and set out some of the foundational ideas of his own major philosophical works, including Being and Event. The seminar provides both a new understanding of the importance of Parmenides in establishing the fundamental terms of philosophy and a vital account of the intimate relationship between philosophy and mathematics.

For Badiou, Parmenides inaugurates the history of philosophy by linking being, thinking, and nonbeing in a “Borromean knot”—a linkage in which the relationship between any two terms requires the mediation of a third. Badiou traces the permutations of this connection among fundamental concepts as it was transmitted to later thinkers, including Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Hegel, and Heidegger. He also argues that Parmenides’s account of philosophy establishes a new kind of formal reasoning that, like mathematics, breaks with the Greek mythic and poetic traditions and their assumption that truth derives from sensory experience. This seminar demonstrates Badiou’s unparalleled ability to recast the fundamental questions of philosophy.

Series are everywhere, unfolding before our eyes like unseen, self-writing lines in all external and internal directions. Or as Clarice Lispector says, “What I’m writing to you is a ‘this’. It won’t stop: it goes on . . .” (Agua Viva). From the vast manifest universe to the invisible center of oneself and beyond, there is nothing that is not, in a whole series of senses, the series of itself. As every number is expressible as a series of numbers, so one sees that seriality, once defined by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon as “simultaneous unity and multiplicity,” belongs at every scale to the essence of everything.

Following this idea of the series as a fundamental feature of reality, The Seriality of the One investigates its metaphysical, ontological, and existential significance in dialogue with an open constellation of modern and premodern authors, giving special attention to the way seriality mediates and measures the relation between the individual and the universal, bridging by ellipsis the unbounded interpenetrating unities of the one and the One. Seen through the ongoing perspective of the series, beings, events, and facts are never discrete and definable identities that can ever be counted or discounted as having greater or lesser importance or status than others. Nothing is merely itself or a part of something else. In the infinity mirror of seriality, all are simultaneously equivalent to all or the totality itself.

The implications and parameters of this insight are here explored in five chapters focused on the categories of quality and quantity. First, through a counter-reading of a passage from Aristotle’s Metaphysics in which the primacy of substance is established in relation to the specter of a universe of mere succession, seriality is identified as the overflowing unity of one and many. Second, in light of the serial basis of counting and Nietzsche’s critique of enumeration, the nature of quantification is examined as a pervasive limitation of our times, the instrument of a “transparency” that works to obfuscate actuality. Third, paralleling Hegel’s prioritization of quality over quantity, the nature of quality is interrogated as the spiritual core of life’s spontaneous and infinitely evolving question of itself. Fourth, elaborating upon Meher Baba’s figuration of seriality as the interface of reality and illusion, the concept of seriality is examined in its simplicity as the way of moving beyond the opposition or dialectical oscillation between quality and quantity. Last, drawing on the geometric metaphor of divine vision in Dante’s Paradiso, the principle of measure is explicated in order to articulate the poetic and creative nature of seriality as process or activity, this immeasurable reality’s never-ending reckoning of its own indivisibility.

We are often asked to describe ourselves. In response, one might propose a few adjectives, or possibly even a brief account of how they became the person they are today. How we develop such self-understanding is a complicated matter involving various cognitive and social processes. Fanti Rovetta contributes to the comprehension of these processes by exploring the role of inner speech, or verbal thought, in self-understanding. Drawing from sociolinguistics, he proposes and applies a novel theoretical framework, a situated approach to inner speech, which emphasizes individual variation, and suggests that each person has a style of inner speaking. Such style of inner speaking constrains the linguistic hermeneutic resources a person can access in thinking about themselves and in making sense of their experiences. Additionally, he investigates the role of inner speech in narrative thinking and in verbal rumination, which are two key mental phenomena related to self-understanding. Throughout the book, the approach adopted is multidisciplinary, integrating philosophical discussion with recent developments in cognitive science, psychology, and linguistics.

Gaia Wakes presents a compelling new framework for understanding the past, present, and future of our planet. Starting from a strong foundation in economics and drawing on a vast range of multidisciplinary scholarship, Topher McDougal explores the possibility of a fifth transition towards an upgraded Earth: the development of a technologically enabled planetary brain capable of coordinating ecological functions and peering far into the future and universe.


Gaia Wakes endows the emergence of a planetary brain with both a plausible economic mechanism and a historical context in which that mechanism has operated over the course of 3.8 billion years of life on Earth. It argues that the global environmental devastation we are beginning to experience and rapid recent advancements in artificial intelligence may jointly be part of a naturally recurring cycle of “upgrades” that has driven the increasing complexity of life on Earth.


Ambitious and provocative, the author combines economics with a breathtaking range of subjects including futurism, technology, philosophy, ecology and planetary and environmental sciences to offer new insights into questions that have long challenged us about the relationship between humankind and the world in which we live. Gaia Wakes stands out as a bold and original perspective on the future of our planet.

How did immigrant scholars such as Rudolf Carnap, Max Horkheimer, and Alfred Schütz influence the development of American philosophy? Why was the U.S. community more receptive to logical empiricism than to critical theory or phenomenology? This volume brings together fifteen historians of philosophy to explore the impact of the intellectual migration.

In the 1930s, the rise of fascism forced dozens of philosophers to flee to the United States. Prominent logical empiricists acquired positions at prestigious U.S. universities. Critical theorists moved their Frankfurt School to Columbia University. And a group of phenomenologists taught at the New School for Social Research. Though many refugee scholars acquired some American following, logical empiricism had the biggest impact on　academic　philosophy. The exiled empiricists helped the country turn into a bastion of ‘analytic philosophy’ after the war. Phenomenology and critical theory became prominent schools from the 1970s onwards and continue to be influential in American philosophy today.

This is the first book to investigate to the migration from an integrated perspective, bringing together historians of American philosophy, logical empiricism, phenomenology, and critical theory.

Classical German Philosophy has traditionally been understood as the period in the history of ideas in which the investigation of the human mind takes precedence over the investigation of the natural world. This assessment has a twofold consequence. On the one hand, the philosophy of the period has been praised for its contributions to our understanding of multiple expressions of human rationality such as history, art, and religion. On the other hand, such a philosophy has been criticized for its obscure speculations alien to the standards of modern scientific cognition. The philosophy of nature developed at the time has been accordingly dismissed as a piece of outdated metaphysics. Challenging this view, the contributions collected in this book argue for the historical and contemporary relevance of the approaches to nature formulated at the time.

The topic of this volume is the teaching and learning practices in the major and minor academic centers of renaissance Europe and their relevance for early modern intellectual history. Academic knowledge is here regarded not as a finished product but as a process, induced by multiple factors and several conditions: the personalities and intellectual profiles of teachers and learners, the dialectic between their respective interests and roles, the institutional context, from the immediate one given by the particular school or university, with their courses and curricula, to the more remote one given by governing political power or surveilling religious authority, or the interplay between the two. Last but not least, one should consider the several impulses of an epoch that seem to impart to the historical course a sudden acceleration, inducing decisive, sometimes disruptive, changes to intellectual development: the spread of humanistic culture, the religious reformation and its consequences, the encounter with new epistemologies, the access to education of new social subjects, and – behind all these and as their common catalyst – the progressive establishment of the press as a means of learning consolidation and dissemination.

Kant’s Transcendental Semantics is a translation of the most influential monograph on Kant published in Brazil, one that launched the “Semantic School” in a country with a thriving tradition of Kant scholarship. Zeljko Loparic differs from most interpreters of the Critique of Pure Reason in claiming that Kant’s main aim is neither metaphysical nor epistemological nor methodological but semantic in asking for the conditions for meaning and reference of terms in order to justify the possibility of meaningful discourse of different types. Loparic asks how our claims can have any meaning at all, how they relate to actual and possible objects, how our terms can ground scientific problem-solving, and what the truth-conditions are for various kinds of statements that differ according to the grounds of their meaning and the targets of their reference. Loparic argues for distinct uses for concepts of perception, concepts of experience, mathematical concepts, pure concepts of the understanding (the categories), and the heuristic ideas of reason. Because Kant’s main worry in the Critique of Pure Reason is with the possibility of synthetic a priori judgments, Loparic labels Kant’s defense of those judgments a transcendental semantics.

Der vorliegende Band Konfirmationsunterricht. Notizen und Nachschriften beinhaltet Aussagen Schleiermachers und Nachschriften, die insgesamt die Jahre 1809 bis 1834 umfassen. Sein undatiertes Manuskript Katechisationen über das Symbolum Apostolicum wird hier zum ersten Mal veröffentlicht, gefolgt von umfangreichen Tageskalendereintragungen, die sowohl inhaltliche Notate als auch finanzielle Aspekte und namentliche Erwähnungen von Konfirmand*innen umfassen. Amtliche Schriften, im Wesentlichen Schleiermachers Reaktionen auf Verlautbarungen und Anfragen des Konsistoriums über die Superintendentur, werden in Auszügen innerhalb der Historischen Einführung wiedergegeben. Die vier gebotenen Nachschriften gehen auf den Konfirmationsunterricht der späteren Dienstjahre an der Dreifaltigkeitskirche zurück: auf die Jahrgänge 1825/26 (Wedel), 1827/28 (Delbrück et al.) und 1830–1832 (Kuntzmann). Die an vierter Stelle platzierte Nachschrift aus dem Nachlass Hüsseners ist weder eindeutig zu datieren noch zuzuordnen. Alle Nachschriften werden kritisch ediert. Komplettiert werden diese Texte durch den Abdruck von Listen der Konfirmand*innen aus erhaltenen Kirchenbüchern.

Schleiermachers Konfirmationsunterricht bündelt Aspekte und Diskussionen rund um das Apostolische Glaubensbekenntnis. Durch den vorliegenden Band wird es nun möglich, Schleiermachers Unterrichtspraxis in der Gemeinde näher zu studieren sowie Wechselwirkungen mit anderen Bereichen im Werk Schleiermachers zu erkennen.

Die Bedeutung von Kants Philosophie zeigt sich nicht zuletzt an der vielfältigen und auch widersprüchlichen Rezeption. Eines der zentralen Desiderate der kantischen Moralphilosophie betrifft in den Augen vieler Kritiker die Behandlung der Gefühle, die nach Kant durch die Vernunft zu beherrschen und den Pflichten des Sittengesetzes unterzuordnen sind. Ferner gäbe Kants subjektzentrierte Begründung des Moralischen dem Anderen, der Alterität zu wenig Raum – auch wenn gerade Kant das Prinzip der Allgemeingültigkeit und Öffentlichkeit im politischen Denken vehement vertreten hat. In der theoretischen Philosophie gehörte von Anbeginn die transzendentale Ästhetik zu den Steinen des Anstoßes, die zu kreativen Reformulierungen Impulse gegeben haben.

Die Beiträger/-innen in diesem Band widmen sich der Frage, wie mit Kant und über sein Denken hinaus ein für die Moderne adäquates Verständnis dieser Themenfelder formuliert werden kann.

This study intends to show that the answer to the question whether faith can be justified without proofs can be resolved by importing ideas from Søren Kierkegaard’s and Alvin Plantinga’s affirmative take on the matter.

There is a deep similarity between the way they understand belief in God and belief in Christianity. The authors share the modern idea that there is an objective truth, combining it with the postmodern stance that no method exists which would guarantee access to it. One can see at both authors not only a deep commonality of ideas, but also a remarkable way in which their understandings augment each other. Whereas Kierkegaard comes to the provocative conclusion that, if a person wants to live authentically, she will meet Christ on her life’s journey without needing any proof, Plantinga’s inquiry contributes to the rational plausibility of this „Justified Faith without Reasons" project.

This volume covers the origin, interpretations, and reception of Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus and offers a critical assessment of the related research and contemporary historiography.

The authors deal with an evaluation of research on Wittgenstein’s philosophy, life, and work, as well as of the editions of his work published since his death. This includes upcoming editions with a special focus on the availability of Wittgenstein’s (digital) Nachlass.

Special attention is given to the reception of and references to the Tractatus in the middle and later Wittgenstein, as well as the reception by other philosophers. Moreover, open philosophical, ethical, and (unresolved) scientific questions are addressed with a critical investigation of current research. Furthermore, the complex, diverse, and mutual relation of Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle of Moritz Schlick, Otto Neurath, Friedrich Waismann and others are addressed.

Die umfangreiche Überlieferung der nordischen Manuskriptrunen ist bis heute nicht erschlossen. Sie erstreckt sich über einen Zeitraum von mehr als 1000 Jahren und zeigt unterschiedliche Sondertraditionen. Sie erweitert damit unsere Kenntnisse des Anwendungsspektrums von Runen im Mittelalter und der Frühneuzeit um neue Facetten. Manuskriptrunen begegnen vor allem im Kontext von Schriften und Geheimschriften, aber auch in Verbindung mit Dichtung und kenningartigen Umschreibungen von Runennamen; zudem wurden sie in unterschiedlichen Zusammenhängen als Geheimschrift sowie in Namenrätseln und Schreibersignaturen verwendet. Dabei zeigt sich deutlich eine Wechselwirkung zwischen der gelehrten Beschäftigung mit Runen seit dem 16. Jh. und dem Interesse der Laien für diese Schrift, das auf Island bis zum 20. Jh. anhielt.

Mit der vorliegenden Edition wird Neuland betreten. Einträge aus knapp 300 Handschriften werden insbesondere unter graphematischen Gesichtspunkten erschlossen und von einem ausführlichen Kommentar begleitet.

Die Arbeit richtet sich zwar in erster Linie an Runologen, ist darüber hinaus aber auch für ein kulturgeschichtlich interessiertes Fachpublikum relevant.

Das Buch betrachtet Brentanos Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt als eine methodologische Schrift, die einen wichtigen Beitrag zur positiven Philosophie des 19. Jahrhunderts leistet und gegenüber seiner Deskriptiven Psychologie ein selbstständiges Projekt ausmacht. Es untersucht auch Themen Brentanos, die für die Phänomenologie Heideggers und Husserls relevant sind: das veritative Seiende, die Phantasievorstellung und die Intentionalität.

"Ideologie - das ist doch Schnee von gestern": Die Geringschätzung ist unberechtigt. Ausgehend von der gängigen Begriffsverwendung werden Ideologien in dreifacher Weise betrachtet: erkenntniskritisch als Formen bedürfnisgeleiteten Denkens, weltanschaulich als Weltbildannahmen und Wertüberzeugungen sowie programmatisch als soziopolitische Leitvorstellungen. Die Grundelemente der condition humaine werden mit den Prinzipien empirisch-rationalen Denkens konfrontiert. Menschen sind für bedürfnisgeleitetes Denken anfällig - aber sie können etwas dagegen tun.

Wittgenstein und Merleau-Ponty gelten als Vertreter zweier gegensätzlicher Schulen, der Analytischen Philosophie und der Phänomenologie. In ihrer topologisch vergleichenden Analyse eröffnet Stengel an Hand der Situierung des Menschen im intersubjektiven Raum einen neuen Blick auf wesentliche Themen der modernen Philosophie, insbesondere die Probleme der Sprache und der Wahrnehmung. Der Vergleich der Wittgensteinschen Sprach- und der Merleau-Pontyschen Wahrnehmungsanalyse offenbart dabei verblüffende Ähnlichkeiten, die sich in einer Theorie des Schauens zusammenführen lassen.

Das Buch revolutioniert die Debatte zwischen "Analytischer" und "Kontinentaler" Philosophie.