Religion

Al-Adab al-Mufrad, an anthology of 1329 hadiths, is a treasured work in Muslim history by one of its most respected scholars, Imam Bukhari. In preparing this selection of hadiths Imam Bukhari aimed to set out a model to follow for successful relations within the Muslim community as well as interaction between Muslims and non-Muslims based on the Prophetic example, and that of Muhammad's closest companions. All of the hadiths are directly related to the standards of manners and morality Islam wants to prevail, and Muslims throughout the world have been guided by it since its preparation over a millennium ago. Famed for the reliability and strength of his work, Imam Bukhari exclusively used hadith that do not go below the grade of "Good", or "Hasan", and since they are focused on manners and moral values, they are upheld by scholars. What distinguishes the present work is that it includes a contemporary commentary, clearly emphasising the relevance of the Prophet's teachings in our modern and complex societies. This pioneering addition marks it out as perhaps the first English work commenting on and explaining a full anthology of hadiths. The translator and author of the commentaries, Adil Salahi, has a long history of research in the Seerah and Hadith, and he wrote extensively on both. This work puts together the best of his writings on the Prophet's teachings in the area of morality and private and social manners.

Continuing with the Reflections series, this book focuses on the third chapter in the Qur’an. Written in a simple and easy-to-read format, this chapter of the Qur'an allows the reader to absorb the key points that this chapter of the Qur’an is trying to convey.

Of the many books explaining Islam, few specifically address the concerns and questions of those from a Christian background. Moreover, the commonalities between the Abrahamic faiths—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—are too often ignored. Set out in an easy and informative question-and-answer format, the book addresses the specific theological points of agreement and difference between Christianity and Islam, explains the core religious beliefs and practices of Islam, and answers today's most common questions of Islam and Muslims in an age when there is much conflict and misunderstanding. Islam is best judged not by the limitations and transgressions of its most extreme, ignorant, and outlandish followers, but by the example of its moderate majority, and Ruqaiyyah Waris Maqsood presents this introduction to the theology and practice of Islam in an attempt to explore some of the false impressions that surround it.

Table of Contents:
Section 1: The Religious Beliefs of Islam Explained
Section 2: the Religious Duties of Islam Explained
Section 3: Miscellaneous Questions
Section 4: Christianity and Islam

Ruqaiyyah Waris Maqsood gained an honors degree in Christian Theology from the University of Hull in 1963 and then taught religious studies at various state schools until her retirement in 1996. She converted to Islam in 1986 and now lectures and writes on Islam.

The Shariah is one of the most misunderstood and maligned Islamic terms in the West. The word conjures up images of uncivilised Muslims whipping criminals, stoning adulterers and confining women within their homes in the minds of many people.

Yet, Shariah literally means a way or a path and, more specifically, the way to a watering place. Far from being a strict penal code it is a humane, compassionate and benevolent system of laws that guides Muslims, based on the Qur'an, the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad, and the interpretation of religious scholars.

This book is a simple and concise guide to the Shariah (Islamic law) to explain its meaning, scope and operation in practical life, as well as helping readers understand and appreciate its value and necessity in the believer's life.

This book is an English version of Sayyid Mawdudi’s Urdu Khutubat. Originally delivered to ordinary, almost illiterate, farmers and servicemen, it met the real and great spiritual and cultural needs of Muslims, particularly in Southeast Asia, in the twentieth century.

It includes sections on belief; each Pillar of Islam (faith, prayer, fasting, charity, and pilgrimage); and the meaning of jihad.

Mawlana Sayyid Abdul A’la Mawdudi (1903–1979), one of the chief architects and leaders of the contemporary Islamic resurgence, was an outstanding Islamic thinker and writer of his time.

Imam Nawawi's commentary on Sahih Muslim is one of the most highly regarded works in Islamic thought and literature.

Accepted by every sunni school of thought, and foundational in the Shaafi school, this text, available for the first time in English, is famed throughout the Muslim world.

After the Qur'an, the prophetic traditions are the most recognised source of wisdom in Islam. Amongst the collected Hadith, Sahih Muslim is second only to the the collection of Imam Bukhari.

With a commentary by Imam Nawawi, whose other works are amongst the most widely-read books on Islam, and translated by Adil Salahi, a modern scholar of great acclaim, this immense work, finally available to English readers, is an essential addition to every Muslim library, and for anybody with an interest in Islamic thought.

Imam Nawawi's commentary on Sahih Muslim is one of the most highly regarded works in Islamic thought and literature.

Accepted by every sunni school of thought, and foundational in the Shaafi school, this text, available for the first time in English, is famed throughout the Muslim world.

After the Qur'an, the prophetic traditions are the most recognised source of wisdom in Islam. Amongst the collected Hadith, Sahih Muslim is second only to the the collection of Imam Bukhari.

With a commentary by Imam Nawawi, whose other works are amongst the most widely-read books on Islam, and translated by Adil Salahi, a modern scholar of great acclaim, this immense work, finally available to English readers, is an essential addition to every Muslim library, and for anybody with an interest in Islamic thought.

"[This is] a subject of such relevance and importance that one wonders why nobody else dealt with it in book form before."—Dr. Wilfried Hofmann

Muslim civilization has experienced a decline during the last five centuries after previously having undergone a long period of prosperity and comprehensive development. This raises a number of questions such as what factors enable Muslims to become successful during the earlier centuries of Islam and what led them to their present weak position. Is Islam responsible for this decline or are there some other factors which come into play? M. Umer Chapra provides an authoritative diagnosis and prescription to reverse this decline.

M. Umer Chapra is a research advisor at the Islamic Research and Training Institute of the Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah, and author of The Future of Economics and Islam and the Economic Challenge.

This classic and popular introduction to the sciences developed to interpret and understand Islam's holy book is ideal for all serious students of the Koran. Precise, yet comprehensive, it covers the traditional disciplines, including the meaning and contexts of revelation, the history and transmission of the text, and exegesis, as well as more contemporary topics like the recording of the Koran, the history of Orientalist approaches, and a survey of translations. It ends with a guide for the correct recitation of, and etiquette toward, the Koran.

Chapter 1: The Qur'an and Revelation
Chapter 2: Transmission of the Qur'anic Revelation
Chapter 3: The Qur'an in Manuscript and Print
Chapter 4: Form, Language and Style
Chapter 5: Understanding the Text
Chapter 6: Interpreting the Text
Chapter 7: Some Related Issues
Chapter 8: Reading and Studying the Qur'an

Ahmad Von Denffer was born in Germany in 1949. He studied Islamics and Social Anthropology at the Universty of Mainz, where he also attended additional courses in the Department of Missiology. His special interests include Christian-Muslim relations. He has made a number of contributions to scholarly journals and has several publications to his credit. He joined the Islamic Foundation as Research Fellow in 1978 and is presently working with the Islamic Centre, Munich.

Imam Nawawi's commentary on Sahih Muslim is one of the most highly regarded works in Islamic thought and literature.

Accepted by every sunni school of thought, and foundational in the Shaafi school, this text, available for the first time in English, is famed throughout the Muslim world.

After the Qur'an, the prophetic traditions are the most recognised source of wisdom in Islam. Amongst the collected Hadith, Sahih Muslim is second only to the the collection of Imam Bukhari.

With a commentary by Imam Nawawi, whose other works are amongst the most widely-read books on Islam, and translated by Adil Salahi, a modern scholar of great acclaim, this immense work, finally available to English readers, is an essential addition to every Muslim library, and for anybody with an interest in Islamic thought.

Al-Adab al-Mufrad, an anthology of 1329 hadiths, is a treasured work in Muslim history by one of its most respected scholars, Imam Bukhari. In preparing this selection of hadiths Imam Bukhari aimed to set out a model to follow for successful relations within the Muslim community as well as interaction between Muslims and non-Muslims based on the Prophetic example, and that of Muhammad's closest companions. All of the hadiths are directly related to the standards of manners and morality Islam wants to prevail, and Muslims throughout the world have been guided by it since its preparation over a millennium ago. Famed for the reliability and strength of his work, Imam Bukhari exclusively used hadith that do not go below the grade of "Good", or "Hasan", and since they are focused on manners and moral values, they are upheld by scholars. What distinguishes the present work is that it includes a contemporary commentary, clearly emphasising the relevance of the Prophet's teachings in our modern and complex societies. This pioneering addition marks it out as perhaps the first English work commenting on and explaining a full anthology of hadiths. The translator and author of the commentaries, Adil Salahi, has a long history of research in the Seerah and Hadith, and he wrote extensively on both. This work puts together the best of his writings on the Prophet's teachings in the area of morality and private and social manners.

This volume of Sayyid Qutb's tafsir, commentary on the Qur'an, covers Surah 6 Al'An'am (Cattle).

Over the course of six sections, this rich reference book explores the various areas of Qur’anic studies:

1. its language,
2. the history of its documentation,
3. its many disciplines,
4. the methods of interpretation,
5. its inimitability,
6. and finally, as a work of art.

The themes explored also include the impact of the Qur’an on Islamic civilisation, as well as the various classical sub-disciplines of Qur’anic studies, including the study of the variant readings (qirā’āt), the reasons for revelation (asbāb al-nuzūl), and abrogation (naskh).

Unlike some other works, Prof Zarzour also explores contemporary scholarship on the Qur’an, notably through a critical evaluation of modern tendencies such as the claim that the Qur’an contains scientific miracles, and an evaluation of some of the most recognised modern works of Qur’anic commentary (tafsir).

Imam al-Ghazali explores the meaning and significance of fraternity in Islam in this brilliant essay from his seminal work, The Revival of the Religious Sciences, which covers material assistance, personal aid, holding one's tongue, speaking out, forgiveness, loyalty, sincerity, and informality.

Table of Contents:
Foreward
Translator's Foreword
Introduction: the Time and Place of al-Ghazali
Al-Ghazali: On the Duties of Brotherhood
The First Duty: Material Assistance
The Second Duty: Personal Aid
The Third Duty: Holding One's Tongue
The Fourth Duty: Speaking Out
The Fifth Duty: Forgiveness
The Sixth Duty: Prayer
The Seventh Duty: Loyalty and Sincerity
The Eighth Duty: Informality
Postscript
Translator's Notes

Imam al-Ghazali (1058–1111 CE) of Tus in Iran was one of the greatest scholars in the history of Islamic thought. He made outstanding contributions in logic, philosophy, jurisprudence, legal theory, and mysticism.

Over the course of six sections, this rich reference book explores the various areas of Qur’anic studies:

1. its language,
2. the history of its documentation,
3. its many disciplines,
4. the methods of interpretation,
5. its inimitability,
6. and finally, as a work of art.

The themes explored also include the impact of the Qur’an on Islamic civilisation, as well as the various classical sub-disciplines of Qur’anic studies, including the study of the variant readings (qirā’āt), the reasons for revelation (asbāb al-nuzūl), and abrogation (naskh).

Unlike some other works, Prof Zarzour also explores contemporary scholarship on the Qur’an, notably through a critical evaluation of modern tendencies such as the claim that the Qur’an contains scientific miracles, and an evaluation of some of the most recognised modern works of Qur’anic commentary (tafsir).

Muslims all over the world see Muhammad as God's last messenger to mankind. Through his actions, he showed the way to live a life that provides for all the needs of body, mind, and soul, and elevates man's aspirations towards a sublime ideal in a very simple, direct, and truthful manner. He built a state that was dedicated to truth and justice and to the liberation of man throughout the world. He wrote to emperors, kings, and rulers, calling on them to believe in God and to follow His message, yet, at the same time, he lived a life of poverty, leaving aside the riches that were offered to him.

At a time when the Prophet is much maligned by writers, cartoonists, and various other detractors, this book aims to show Muhammad's true character in detail, both in its most everyday and most extraordinary moments.

Adil Salahi's writings include the acclaimed Muhammad: Man and Prophet and Pioneers of Islamic Scholarship, and the English translation of the eighteen-volume In the Shade of the Qur'an. His main career has been in radio and print journalism, and for over thirty years he was editor of "Islam in Perspective," a twice-weekly full-page column in the Arab News, a Saudi daily newspaper.

Imam Nawawi's commentary on Sahih Muslim is one of the most highly regarded works in Islamic thought and literature.

Accepted by every sunni school of thought, and foundational in the Shaafi school, this text, available for the first time in English, is famed throughout the Muslim world.

After the Qur'an, the prophetic traditions are the most recognised source of wisdom in Islam. Amongst the collected Hadith, Sahih Muslim is second only to the the collection of Imam Bukhari.

With a commentary by Imam Nawawi, whose other works are amongst the most widely-read books on Islam, and translated by Adil Salahi, a modern scholar of great acclaim, this immense work, finally available to English readers, is an essential addition to every Muslim library, and for anybody with an interest in Islamic thought.

This volume of Sayyid Qutb's tafsir, commentary on the Qur'an, covers Surah 7 Al-A'raf (The Heights).

This valuable work presents Ibn Taimiyah's thoughts on the concept of Islamic economics, the state in the economy, on public finance, money, interest, prices, partnership, and profit-sharing, and offers a comparison of his ideas with those of some medieval scholars in Europe, along with a study of his influence on Islamic thinkers in later periods.

A Textbook of Hadith Studies provides an academic introduction to the Hadith, or the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad, which are second only to the Qur'an (Koran) in their authoritativeness within Islamic tradition. Suitable for university courses and all serious students of Islam, the topics surveyed include Hadith methodology, Hadith literature, the history of Hadith compilation and documentation, and the methods of Hadith criticism (al-jarh wa al-ta'dil) and classification.

Mohammad Hashim Kamali, born in Afghanistan in 1944, was a professor of Islamic Law and Jurisprudence at the International Islamic University in Malaysia, and dean of the International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization (ISTAC) from 1985–2007. He is currently chairman and CEO of the International Institute of Advanced Islamic Studies, Malaysia. He is also on the international advisory boards of eleven academic journals published in Malaysia, the United States, Canada, Kuwait, India, Australia, and Pakistan. Professor Kamali has addressed over 120 national and international conferences, and has published sixteen books and over 110 academic articles. His books include The Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence, Freedom of Expression in Islam, and Islamic Commercial Law: An Analysis of Futures and Options.

"This book is a valuable addition to the Qur'anic literature in English and it is worth having in every Muslim home as . . . a reference book." ¬—Professor Syed Salman Nadvi, Durban University

This book provides a concise and authoritative guide to 140 keywords in the Qur'an. The full meaning of each keyword is given, with Qur'anic citations and discussions of allied and related terms. Ideal for students of the Qur'an as well as general readers.

The Qur'an is God’s word. It was revealed to Prophet Muhammad through the Angel Gabriel 1,400 years ago and has been preserved in its original form ever since, guiding humankind to the Islamic creed and legislation, informing them of the stories of earlier prophets and their communities and calling people to believe in Allah, the One.

Millions of people have learned its entirety by heart throughout every generation since it was first revealed. Nearly every Muslim memorises parts of it, and most recite a portion of it every day. No book, religious or otherwise, is read and recited or listened to as frequently as the Qur’an. Those who recite it in Arabic are always eager to do more, aware of its inimitable clarity, rhythm and brevity, yet modern English readers have had limited access to its meanings, with most reliant upon translations prepared in archaic English, unappealing to the contemporary reader.

In this new translation the renowned author and scholar Adil Salahi has endeavoured to put the meanings of the Qur’anic verses and surahs in simple and straightforward form, so that the 21st century reader may find it concise easy to access, and yet full of expansive expression.

Imam Nawawi's commentary on Sahih Muslim is one of the most highly regarded works in Islamic thought and literature.

Accepted by every sunni school of thought, and foundational in the Shaafi school, this text, available for the first time in English, is famed throughout the Muslim world.

After the Qur'an, the prophetic traditions are the most recognised source of wisdom in Islam. Amongst the collected Hadith, Sahih Muslim is second only to the the collection of Imam Bukhari.

With a commentary by Imam Nawawi, whose other works are amongst the most widely-read books on Islam, and translated by Adil Salahi, a modern scholar of great acclaim, this immense work, finally available to English readers, is an essential addition to every Muslim library, and for anybody with an interest in Islamic thought.

Volume 3 includes the complete Book of Cleansing, which covers purity, cleanliness, ablution, wudu and prayer, as well part of the Book of Prayer.

The Qur'an is the inimitable and direct Word of God. It was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad over twenty-three years, who faithfully transmitted it to humanity in the seventh century. Since then the text and meaning of the Qur'an has been preserved, word for word, exactly as it was fourteen hundred years ago. It is a Book of Guidance for all mankind with a central message of God's Oneness. Yet, it has several layers of meaning and beauty that are easily lost in translation.

This splendid translation, originally prepared in 1934, aimed to help readers understand the meaning of the Qur'an but also to appreciate its beauty and catch something of the grandeur of the Arabic.

This is a compact and revised edition of Abdullah Yusuf Ali's translation of The Meaning of the Holy Qur'an in modern English. It contains the complete translation of the Qur'anic text and retains essential notes of Yusuf Ali's exhaustive commentary on the Qur'an, which enables the reader to gain a better understanding of its message and helps to reveal some of the inexhaustible depth of knowledge it contains.

One of the most widely-used and known translations of the Qur'an into modern English, with 472 notes and an introduction.

Abdullah Yusuf Ali (1872–1953) was an Indian Islamic scholar. In 1938, Yusuf Ali's translation of the Qur'an was published in Lahore. His translation of the Qur'an is one of the most widely-known and used in the English-speaking world. He died in 1953 in London, United Kingdom.

This pioneering modern classic examines the Islamic principles of kindness and compassion toward animals. It compares animal sacrifice as practiced by the world's major religions and highlights the ethical issues that the mass production of meat raises, advocating alternative ways to produce halal meat in an appropriate manner.

This book has been prepared to assist and remind Muslims how to perform salah, prayer in Islam. It is ideal for new Muslims as it includes pictures, step-by-step instructions, and the words Muslims must recite during the prayer in transliteration and English.

An authoritative and accessible study guide that covers what the Book means to the believers and sets out the essential prerequisites of body, mind, and heart that serve to light up the inner life with the Qur'anic worldview; the etiquette of reciting, reading, and understanding the Qur'an; how to study the Qur'an collectively; and how to live by its teachings.

Khurram Murad (1932–1996) was the director general of the Islamic Foundation, United Kingdom, and was a renowned teacher who spent forty years in the spiritual teaching and training of thousands of young Muslims around the globe.

The Qur'an is God’s word. It was revealed to Prophet Muhammad through the Angel Gabriel 1,400 years ago and has been preserved in its original form ever since, guiding humankind to the Islamic creed and legislation, informing them of the stories of earlier prophets and their communities and calling people to believe in Allah, the One.

Millions of people have learned its entirety by heart throughout every generation since it was first revealed. Nearly every Muslim memorises parts of it, and most recite a portion of it every day. No book, religious or otherwise, is read and recited or listened to as frequently as the Qur’an. Those who recite it in Arabic are always eager to do more, aware of its inimitable clarity, rhythm and brevity, yet modern English readers have had limited access to its meanings, with most reliant upon translations prepared in archaic English, unappealing to the contemporary reader.

In this new translation the renowned author and scholar Adil Salahi has endeavoured to put the meanings of the Qur’anic verses and surahs in simple and straightforward form, so that the 21st century reader may find it concise easy to access, and yet full of expansive expression.

This pioneering modern classic examines the Islamic principles of kindness and compassion toward animals. It compares animal sacrifice as practiced by the world's major religions and highlights the ethical issues that the mass production of meat raises, advocating alternative ways to produce halal meat in an appropriate manner.

Tariq Ramadan attempts to demonstrate, using sources which draw upon Islamic thought and civilization, that Muslims can respond to contemporary challenges of modernity without betraying their identity. The book argues that Muslims, nurished by their own points of reference, can approach the modern epoch by adopting a specific social, political, and economic model that is linked to ethical values, a sense of finalities and spirituality. Rather than a modernism that tends to impose Westernization, it is a modernity that admits to the pluralism of civilizations, religions, and cultures.

Table of Contents:
Foreword
Introduction
History of a Concept
The Lessons of History
Part 1: At the shores of Transcendence: between God and Man
Part 2: The Horizons of Islam: Between Man and the Community
Part 3: Values and Finalities: The Cultural Dimension of the Civilizational Face to Face
Conclusion
Appendix
Index

Tariq Ramadan is a professor of Islamic Studies at the University of Oxford and a visiting professor in Identity and Citizenship at Erasmus University. He was named by TIME Magazine as one of the one hundred innovators of the twenty-first century

Imam Nawawi's commentary on Sahih Muslim is one of the most highly regarded works in Islamic thought and literature.

Accepted by every sunni school of thought, and foundational in the Shaafi school, this text, available for the first time in English, is famed throughout the Muslim world.

After the Qur'an, the prophetic traditions are the most recognised source of wisdom in Islam. Amongst the collected Hadith, Sahih Muslim is second only to the the collection of Imam Bukhari.

With a commentary by Imam Nawawi, whose other works are amongst the most widely-read books on Islam, and translated by Adil Salahi, a modern scholar of great acclaim, this immense work, finally available to English readers, is an essential addition to every Muslim library, and for anybody with an interest in Islamic thought.

Volume 3 includes the complete Book of Cleansing, which covers purity, cleanliness, ablution, wudu and prayer, as well part of the Book of Prayer.

"This book is a scholarly and necessary critique of why the crime of terrorism is inconsistent with the ethical outlook of the Qur'an. Anyone who wants to understand the Qur'an and its relationship to violence must read this book."—Khaled Abou El Fadl, Omar and Azmeralda Alfi Professor of Law and chair of Islamic studies program, UCLA School of Law

"In addition to illuminating the root causes of terrorism, this book is a real contribution to the interfaith dialogue."—Muhammad Abu Layla, professor of the comparative religions at al-Azhar University, Cairo

"A critique that challenges contemporary perceptions of the relationship between Islam and violence. The book can be seriously commended to both specialists and non-specialists in Qur'anic Studies, theology, and political science."—Jabal M. Buaben, associate professor, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Sultan Omar 'Ali Saifuddien Centre for Islamic Studies

ElSayed Amin critiques misreadings of key verses in the Qur'an that have been used to establish violence as the relational norm between Muslims and non-Muslims. He distinguishes both Islamic jihad and armed deterrence from modern terrorism through examination of the 9/11 attacks, and proposes legal proscriptions for terrorism from the Qur'an on the basis of its political, social, and psychological impacts.

ElSayed Amin is a senior lecturer of Islamic studies in English at al-Azhar University in Egypt and a visiting postdoctoral research fellow at the University of Brunei Darussalam (UBD) in Brunei. He is a member of the Supreme Council of Islamic Affairs in Cairo, and a former Fulbright Scholar.

Imam Nawawi's commentary on Sahih Muslim is one of the most highly regarded works in Islamic thought and literature.

Accepted by every sunni school of thought, and foundational in the Shaafi school, this text, available for the first time in English, is famed throughout the Muslim world.

After the Qur'an, the prophetic traditions are the most recognised source of wisdom in Islam. Amongst the collected Hadith, Sahih Muslim is second only to the the collection of Imam Bukhari.

With a commentary by Imam Nawawi, whose other works are amongst the most widely-read books on Islam, and translated by Adil Salahi, a modern scholar of great acclaim, this immense work, finally available to English readers, is an essential addition to every Muslim library, and for anybody with an interest in Islamic thought.

"Gunny, a pioneer in the study of French and European literary and theological representations of Islam in the modern period, offers a survey of over 350 years, which is both a cross cultural history and a discussion of the intellectual changes in the representation of the Prophet's life based on the examination of original published and unpublished manuscripts." -Islamic Horizons

"Ahmad Gunny has been a pioneer in the study of French and European literary and theological representations of Islam in the modern period. Thanks to his acclaimed critical studies, students and scholars alike have found in his work new and important directions for research." —Nabil Matar, professor, University of Minnesota

This magisterial survey of the Prophet Muhammad over three hundred and fifty years is both a cross cultural history and a discussion of the intellectual changes in the representation of the Prophet's life based on the close examination of original published and unpublished manuscripts.

Ahmad Gunny is fellow and senior associate at the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies.

"A beautiful handbook of Hadith, making the radiant gems of Prophetic wisdom available to a wider public. With admirable brevity, it gives the sum and substance of the Prophet's way."—Professor Khurshid Ahmad

Featuring 393 traditions of the Prophet, this book provides Arabic text and English commentary to elucidate their meanings. This comprehensive selection covers faith, worship, morality and character, ethics, society, law, and politics in Islam.

Shaykh 'Abd Al-Ghaffar Hasan (1913–2007), a graduate of Dar al-Hadith al-Rahmaniyyah in Delhi, taught the sciences of Ahadith at the University of Madinah from 1964 to 1979.