This volume provides a platform for discussing theoretical and methodological developments in the field of motivation research related to learning and instruction. The combination of socio-cultural, situative and socio-cognitive epistemological traditions underlying the different contributions enables the integration of the motivational, affective and cognitive aspects of learning and the examination of their mutually interacting influences. The methodological implications of these conceptual developments are discussed and a range of innovative research methodologies reported throughout the different chapters. The emphasis on integrative, holistic, systematic and situated approaches to the study of motivation and engagement during the process of learning and over time is in line with contemporary thinking in the discipline of educational psychology as a whole. Overall, this volume highlights how motivation research is reaching out beyond its own traditional domain of study and is taking a leading role in the overall study of learning and instruction.
Jean Francois Rouet
Multimedia Learning
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With the increased dissemination of information technologies in education, the issue of how learners deal with multimedia information systems has become critical. New research questions have emerged such as: How well do people learn from multimedia documents? How do they achieve integration between text and any other media? How can you make computerised information systems fit user information processing strategies and styles? And what is the potential of hypermedia applications for education, training and work? This volume is based on a selection of papers presented at the first International Seminar on Using Complex Information Systems held in Poitiers, France. The volume presents a comprehensive overview of research issues related to multimedia usage considered from cognitive and instructive perspectives. It relates theories of mental representations, information processing and learning to issues of design and use of multimedia technologies.
Peter Naude
Network Dynamics in International Marketing
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This book aims to fulfil two objectives: to contribute to the state of knowledge in the broad area of relationship marketing and to provide readers with an insight into the antecedents and roots of the current "fashionable" interest in relationship marketing. The first part of this book presents ideas on our current understanding of networks, relationships, and interaction. The second part contains contributions which will be of interest to all those undertaking research in the area of business-to-business marketing. Part three, containing contributions with a strategic orientation, aims to give readers an indication of how broad the scope of the subject matter really is. The contributions represent some of the most current and interesting thinking and empirical research in the field, and have been chosen to reflect the way in which the theme of relationship marketing has matured and developed. They cover the three areas of interactions, networks, and relationships, but this book goes further by the way in which these topics are covered. The chapters include theoretical developments in the area, practical case studies, and also new methodologies that can be applied to the study of relationship marketing.
Dilip Ghosh
New Advances in Financial Economics
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This is a collection of 21 articles that deal with the frontiers in financial theory of economics. Most aspects of finance are covered - domestic corporate and investment issues as well as questions and problems of topical value in international finance. It includes topics such as: initial public offerings, debt restructuring, mergers, dividend policy, stock returns, capital structure, measures of risk aversion, microstructure of equity markets, agency cost and employee stock ownership, international takeover bidding, futures and forward contracts in currency markets, offshore loans, and market efficiency.
P. Belanger
New Patterns of Adult Learning
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In post-industrial societies some workers will have stable, good jobs in knowledge and learning-intensive workplaces, while many others will be underemployed or locked into a series of precarious, low-skill jobs in the periphery of the economy. In such a society, inclusions and exclusions in economics and social life are bound to correspond closely to inclusions and exclusions in adult education and training. With the transition toward the post-industrial society increasingly complete, the challenge to reduce the exclusive tendencies in adult education and training, and to make learning a common, continuous and even universal experience is becoming more urgent than ever. The design of successful intervention strategies will depend crucially on the knowledge base of adult education, especially improved insights into the factors that are associated with participation and non-participation. By improving that knowledge base that this volume, which reports on a six-country comparative investigation of the patterns of adult education participation, seeks to make a contribution to policy and research.
W. Schnotz
New Perspectives on Conceptual Change
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"New Perspectives on Conceptual Change" brings together the latest research on conceptual change from perspectives in developmental, cognitive and motivational psychology, instructional psychology and science education. The book addresses four main themes: the interplay between the learner's naive knowledge based on everyday experience and new knowledge conveyed by schooling and formal instruction; traditional cognitive views on knowledge acquisition and new socioconstructionist perspectives; constraints on knowledge acquisition and modification within specific learning domains; and instructional aspects of conceptual change and suggestions for the design of learning environments and teaching processes which promote conceptual change.
Ray Oakey
New Technology Based Firms in the New Millennium
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This volume is part of a growing body of work that maps the evolution of high technology small firm research over almost a complete decade since 1993. Begun during a period of relative neglect of high technology small firms (HTSFs) during the early 1990s, the book series has witnessed, and perhaps played some part in creating, a resurgence of interest in this type and scale of enterprise in the United Kingdom and mainland Europe by the turn of the century. Throughout this period, specific interest within the high technology small firm study area has ebbed and flowed, with some rather obviously important issues (e.g. policy and finance) often to the fore, while new and resurrected areas of concern have also contributed to the research agenda. Perhaps the best example of resurrection has been the rebirth of interest in the subject of clustering (or agglomeration) as it applies to HTSFs, notably led by Michael Porter. This interest has extended, and put a new slant upon, work consistently well represented in these volumes on networking. This trend is evidenced by the presence of four papers in the concluding Part IV of this volume on "Clusters and Networks". Earlier themes comprise groups of papers on "Science Parks and University Spin offs" (Part II), and "Markets, Strategy and Globalization" (Part III). Both individually and in aggregate, this series of books on HTSF development and growth issues represents a "one stop shop" for all those seeking to gain a broad understanding of the evolution of HTSF research since 1993 by providing a record of the manner in which this research agenda has evolved over these years.
W.E. During
New Technology-Based Firms at the Turn of the Century
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This book represents a continuation of an uninterrupted record of international research pertaining to high technology small firms (HTSFs) over a period that has witnessed a rebirth of interest in the growth problems of the small firm, and is a further addition to a portfolio of specialist work by academics and practitioners on the issues facing new technology-based firms (NTBFs). The book begins with a conceptual overview on the broad theme of innovation in NTBFs, providing a theoretical perspective on the problems of innovation at the end of the twentieth century and setting in context the more specific contributions to follow. A continuing theme of HTSF research is innovation management, and seven chapters are included under this heading focusing on topics such as university spin-out companies and the role of non-executive directors. The successful management of innovation in NTBFs is clearly critical to their survival and growth. Another key and recurrent area of interest to researchers concerned with the problems of NTBFs is finance, with three chapters here addressing the funding problems faced by NTBFs during often lengthy periods of product development. The book concludes with a set of contributions which deal with the increasingly important issues of clustering and location as they affect NTBFs. The chapters included in this book represent a strong set of themes indicative of what key workers in the area of NTBF development are thinking at the turn of the millennium. These issues of effective management, funding and networking are key themes that will continue in the new millennium.
R.P. Oakey
New Technology-based Firms in the 1990s
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The selected papers in this volume bear witness to a maturing of High Technology Small Firms (HTSF) research. In the past, HTSF research has produced some solid findings, but also several paradoxes: shedding more light on the unintended and paradoxical effects of technology developments regarding HTSFs is now one of the aims of research in this field, and an observed change in the focus of the research agenda is reflected in this book. Although many of the topics have also been covered in earlier volumes, a gradual shift from descriptive case or survey studies to more explanatory studies, with an objective of understanding the processes that drive HTSF development, now becomes apparent. Researchers from different backgrounds increasingly strive to apply and integrate theoretical traditions that focus on the individual firm, regional and wider environmental levels. As a result of this shift, topics such as financing, internationalisation or firm development are viewed more from a perspective of networking and cooperation, or of development and growth. The understanding of how to promote cooperation and networking will probably remain on the HTSF research agenda for some years to come; the development and growth processes of HTSFs, within the context of clusters and networks, will also be high on the agenda in the next decade.
W. During
New Technology-Based Firms in the New Millennium
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This tenth volume of papers emanating from the annual International High Technology Small Firms Conference represents a full decade of research and policy relevant papers on innovation and growth problems of New Technology-based Firms (NTBf). Because this series has become the major vehicle for publication among the best international researchers working on the formation and subsequent growth problems of NTBfs, it represents an authoritative voice on NTBf development problems. Topics covered in this volume include strategy, spin offs - their contribution to NTBf growth and the problems they encounter during the traumatic spin off process, the current hot topic of clusters and their role in enhancing NTBf formation and growth, networking and global issues since many NTBfs are truly born global.
Ezra Hauer
Observational Before/After Studies in Road Safety
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This three part monograph aims to enable road safety researchers and professionals to interpret correctly the results of one of the main sources of knowledge about the effect of road safety engineering measures, the "observational Before-After study". Part I, Essentials - contains information the author regards as essential for forming an opinion of results obtained by others, and for planning and analysing such a study. This is written to be accessible to all. Part II, Adaptations of conventional approaches - explains how to avoid the errors and improve the results obtained from the predominant methods currently used. This Part employs algebra and statistical analysis. Part III, Elements of a new approach - presents new approaches to improve future methods of observation and analysis.
Li Bennich-Björkman
Organising Innovative Research
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The major aim of this book is to contribute to the ongoing European debate on the future relationship between government and universities. The volume refutes the wide spread notion presently adopted by several European politicians and administrators, that the most efficient way to meet the threats posed by mass university education to excellence in research and teaching is through government supervision and control, and the introduction of short-term incentives of a monetary nature. Instead this study points to the necessity for the operational units strongly to safeguard and strengthen their own capacities for self-evaluation and willingness to change, mainly through emphasis on the question of academic leadership at the basic level. It also argues strongly for the beneficial effects of continuing the present European experiments with organizing graduate education in a way resembling the graduate-school model. In developing general policy arguments, introduced in the opening chapters and summed up in the concluding discussion, the book examines empirically the "cultures" of four innovative and three stagnant Swedish departments in the social sciences. A second aim of the book is thus to provide empirical insights into what, organizationally, signify innovative research establishments. The third, and final aim, is to contribute to the theoretical discussion on preconditions for social change and continuity, by focusing on factors enabling or obstructing these "micro-structures" to change.
E. De Corte
Powerful Learning Environments
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Over the past ten to fifteen years the international scene of research on learning and instruction has witnessed the emergence of important and promising developments. New theoretical frameworks, design principles, and research methodologies focusing on the construction, implementation, and evaluation of powerful learning environments have been put forward, coming from three intersecting subdomains within the broader field of research on learning and instruction - namely instructional psychology, instructional technology, and instructional design. Although it is obvious that the developments in those three subdomains are characterized by similarities and convergencies, there are still important differences. Therefore, there is a great need for scientific debate and attempts to integrate, or justify, the contrasting theoretical frameworks, methodological approaches, and empirical outcomes. A European research network, coordinated by the Center for Instructional Psychology and Technology of the University of Leuven, has been set up to work towards this end. The present volume is the first collective output of this European research network, and focuses on unravelling and identifying basic component and dimensions of powerful learning environments. It is based on the presentations and discussions that constituted the "piece de resistance" of a first meeting of the research network.
Viviane M. J. Robinson
Problem Based Methodology
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How can educational research make a greater impact on educational practice? "Problem-Based Methodology: Research for the Improvement of Practice" explains why educational research has contributed so little to the understanding and resolution of educational problems, and how, with a different methodology, its contribution could be significantly greater. The book offers an alternative problem-based methodology (PBM) which is better matched than either empiricist, critical or interpretive approaches to the generic features of educational problems, to the way practitioners seek to resolve those problems, and to the normative requirements of any practical activity. In addition, PBM incorporates a politics of inquiry which shows how researchers and practitioners can reach warranted agreements about the nature of problems and solutions, through dialogue that is simultaneously critical and collaborative. Two original school-based studies illustrate this new approach to educational and social research.
Liane Smith
Reasoning by Mathematical Induction in Children's Arithmetic
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How do children understand reasoning by mathematical induction? Mathematical induction - Poincare's reasoning by recurrence - is a standard form of inference with two distinctive properties. One is its necessity. The other is its universality or inference from particular to general. This means that mathematical induction is similar to both logical deduction and empirical induction, and yet is different from both. In a major study 40 years ago, Inhelder and Piaget set out two conclusions about the development of this type of reasoning in advance of logical deduction during childhood. This developmental sequence has gone unremarked in research on cognitive development. This study is an adaptation with a sample of 100 hundred children aged five-seven years in school years one and two. It reveals evidence that children can reason by mathematical induction on tasks based on iterative addition and that their inferences were made by necessity. According to the study the main educational implication is clear: young children can carry out iterative actions on actual objects with a view to reasoning about abstract objects such as numbers.
H.G. Gemunden
Relationships and Networks in International Markets
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The book presents the most recent developments in international industrial and service marketing research, from a relationship and network perspective. While the latter perspective has a long tradition in Europe, "relationship marketing" has also in recent years become one of the dominant approaches in the USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. However, the schools of thought on relationships and networks emerging from different marketing traditions examine different concepts, use different methods and arrive at different outcomes, all of which are reflected here.
Jamil Salmi
Revitalizing Higher Education
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This volume focuses on the recent lessons of experience with reform and innovation in higher education that are most relevant to the challenges of developing countries. These lessons are explored in a series of twelve papers which analyze experience and issues in four priority areas. The first examines the relationship between higher education and development in a global environment in which economic growth is expected to be driven increasingly by scientific and technological innovation. To meet this development challenge effectively, systems of higher education will need to have a solid financial basis, and the second priority area is the examination of the options for reform in higher education financing. Yet, as essential as financial reforms, are reforms in management and government. This implies changes in the relationship between the Government and institutions of higher education. The third part examines these evolving relationships and implies that the mechanisms and indicators will need to be developed to more effectively monitor the performance of institutions of higher education. The final section reviews recent trends in this area and the book concludes with a case study of the effects of the implementation of a comprehensive reform in Chile including many of the reform policies advocated, and a proposal of the central options for policy reform and innovation in higher education.
S. Cullinane
Rural Transport Policy
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This book is unique in addressing rural transport policy issues in a comprehensive and rigorous way. Much has been written in recent years about urban transport and policy, but in both transport research itself and in implemented transport policies we have seen rural transport needs take second place to urban issues. The book sets out to define the key transport issues involved in a rural context and goes on to explore specific policies to deal with these issues. Throughout, the book combines original research and specially conducted international surveys with an overview of the available literature, providing a valuable and uniquely thorough resource. Taking as its main focus the specific context of British rural transport issues, the work provides in-depth research which, while local in its starting-point, is international in its perspective and implications. The aim of the book is not so much to provide answers to the various transport problems but to provide a foundation for the formulation of ideas.
Charles Vincent
Safety in Medicine
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Studies in the US suggest that about 4 per cent of hospital patients are unintentionally harmed by treatment. These many thousands of "accidents" have received little research attention. This book assumes that medicine may benefit and learn from approaches to safety in other areas and will be a core resource for this topic. The role of new technologies, both as hazards and in improving safety, is an essential new challenge which the book addresses. The chapters are ordered to accord with their principal emphasis, beginning with conceptual foundations and moving towards safety management. The first chapter gives an overview of approaches to safety in the psychological and organisational literature and provides essential background information for readers who may not be familiar with the safety literature. The next chapters demonstrate the need to take a long, temporal perspective. Finally, two chapters reflect on the nature of safety management and its particular application in healthcare.
Andrew Hale
Safety Management
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Not only is technology going through its revolutions faster, but the institutions and organisations which exploit that technology are also in the process of almost constant reshaping. This accelerating change is a double-edged sword for safety. On the one hand, it offers the opportunity for improvement, but on the other it threatens the tried and trusted measures which have produced high safety levels in the past. Trial and error as a learning method is not acceptable in high risk technologies. We must not only get things right first time, but adapt the management of safety to the dynamic of constant change. This book explores that dilemma by studying how organisations manage safety and what is crucial for a good safety management system, how to harness change directly to safety improvement and how to adapt safety management systems to change imposed from the outside.
David Nevo
School-based Evaluation
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This book presents a comprehensive conceptual framework for school evaluation, and evaluation methods that can be used within the framework of the school for the benefit of students, teachers, school administrators and parents. It is based on concepts and ideas originally developed in the area of program evaluation and combining internal and external evaluation, it provides a common ground for school evaluation, including student assessment, program evaluation, teacher appraisal and school review. It is a book for schools, and for educators, parents, policy makers, and professional evaluators who believe in schools, and consider schools to be the main component of the educational system. The book consists of three major parts. In the first part the concept of school-based evaluation is being discussed in the way it is perceived throughout the book. The second part of the book deals with evaluation methods that could be useful to schools in evaluating students, programs, instructional materials, teachers and the school as a whole. The third part of the book focuses on the organizational context of school evaluation. It includes two chapters - one related to internal organizational problems, which need to be resolved in order to institutionalize an effective school evaluation system, while the other deals with the meaning of evaluation as a basis for a dialogue, and the need to develop such new discourse for evaluation in general, and even more so for school-based evaluation.
Torsten Husen
Schooling in Modern European Society
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Europe is undergoing rapid and profound social and political change, and time-honoured methods and practices are being challenged as a result. Nowhere is this challenge more pressing and relevant than in education, which is charged with the task of preparing future generations for the "New Europe". Everyone accepts that education should be for all, that it needs to be extended, and that "education for life" is a phrase with real significance, but how is education best provided? In February 1990 the Academia Europaea council decided to sponsor a study group on education in modern European society funded by the Swedish Riksbankens Jubileumsfond. The report, in the form of this book, deals with many problem areas in European education; for example school quality, examinations, the teaching of foreign languages, and science education. It also analyses the role of the school as an institution in an increasingly complex technological and meritocratic society, and spells out the role of basic education in forming a European identity and consciousness.
Francoise Caillods
Science Education and Development
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For over 30 years now large-scale investment has been made in science education throughout the world and in developing countries in particular. A handful of countries have indeed succeeded in raising their respective population's general level of scientific knowledge, but in other countries, in spite of much effort, the shortage in supply of science-trained students persists, examination achievement levels remain low, and the cost of provision so high that many children all over the world are denied access to effective science teaching. Whilst the problems of curriculum relevance have been widely discussed, little attention has been paid to the issues confronting the policy-maker and the manager in deciding how much to invest in science education, how to provide value for money or how much science to provide for how many students. This book addresses the question of how best to plan investment in science at secondary level in developing countries using insights from the studies conducted under a five-year research programme carried out by the International Institute for Educational Planning. The result is an extensive account, commentary and analysis of the main issues that the planners of science education in developing countries are likely to be confronted with when addressing the challenges of the twenty-first century.
Helmuth Nyborg
Scientific Study of Human Nature
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This volume is a Festschrift for Hans J. Eysenck on the occasion of his 80th birthday. The world's leading experts in the field of personality and intelligence have gathered together to honour the most widely cited living psychologist. Each chapter describes first Hans Eysenck's contribution to a particular topic then what research has developed from it, what kinds of amendments, modifications or additions to his work are appropriate and, finally thoughts about the future of the field.
M.R. Brooks
Sea Change in Liner Shipping
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Transport policy is undergoing major changes which transcend national boundaries. Meanwhile, strategic alliances and mergers are changing the face of the liner shipping business. A re-examination of competition policy as it relates to liner shipping is underway. This book not only examines the changing regulatory climate for the liner shipping industry but also explores managerial thinking about co-operation and competition within the industry. Using comparisons from the rail and aviation industries, the book develops guiding principles for a common regulatory policy for liner shipping while proposing a framework for shipping managers to guide strategy formulation and implementation in this new business environment. This book explores the issues of national regulation of liner shipping in three legal jurisdictions: the US., Europe and Canada. It builds on the author's long history of research in liner shipping and its regulation, and her access to the regulators in these markets.
James C. Baker
Selected International Investment Portfolios
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This text addresses many of the issues which arise in the funding and settlement of cross-border financial transactions, covering a broad spectrum of the international finance issues encountered in global business operations. Global and regional capital markets are becoming increasingly important. Accounting differences in reporting financial information, and innovations in these financial markets, are examined. Theoretical issues in international finance are addressed by applying a neural network model to the effects of foreign exchange rates, using cluster analysis and Chernoff's faces to explain historical mutual fund performance, and examining the impact of asymmetric information in trade balance announcements on prices of financial assets. Portfolio investment and foreign direct investment are addressed by examining the diversification benefits of reducing risk and enhancing return in selected Latin American capital markets, and the role of various firm-, industry- and country-specific variables which influence the entry mode in foreign markets through foreign direct investment. Foreign exchange, futures, equity and debt markets are explored, including a strategy of borrowing in low interest rate countries and lending in high interest rate countries, foreign exchange issues affecting intra-firm cross-border trade, the risk and return of emerging-market debts relative to emerging-market equities, and the socio-ethical and economic effects of international debt in developing economies. Studies devoted to national issues include an analysis of foreign direct investment in the United States and a study of the financial ratio distribution of Japanese firms.
M. M. Kostecki
Services in the Transition Economies
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Service activities such as banking, insurance, telecommunications, business auditing, distribution, trading, and other services have been at the forefront of the transformation process in East Central Europe and the former Soviet Union. These reforms, though far from complete, are now sufficiently advanced to draw lessons and to identify strategic options for Foreign Service firms expanding in the region. In this volume, leading analysts and practitioners offer an appraisal of the service markets and the challenges related to foreign entry into the services sector in Central and Eastern Europe during the "second wave" of transformation. What is the emerging pattern of change? What is the outlook for promising business in the area of services? Which entry strategies have proven particularly successful? How do the leading service providers from the West deal with the challenges confronting them in service markets of the region? This collective volume used case studies, field research and industry studies to consider strategic options for Foreign Service firms in East Central and Eastern Europe for the late nineties and beyond.
Louise K. Comfort
Shared Risk
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Shared Risk is an unparalleled study of how communities at risk respond to major hazards. This major new book explores the elastic boundary between structure and flexibility that enables modern organizations to function effectively under uncertain, dynamic conditions. Through a comprehensive analysis of earthquake case studies, Louise Comfort shows how communities and organizations cope with dynamic and unpredicted events. Drawing upon the concept of shared risk, she examines the self-organizing processes by which communities act in their own interest to mitigate and reduce risk. Placing shared risk within a theoretical framework consistent with disaster situations, Professor Comfort presents policy-relevant analysis of disaster response systems. The practical, theoretical and methodological issues involved in the study of shared risk are addressed in the first part of the book which also sets this problem in the global context of seismic risk. This is followed by comparative analysis of eleven different case studies of rapidly evolving response systems following earthquakes. The final part of the volume compares different classes of response systems and presents a preliminary model for a sociotechnical system to mitigate seismic risk and facilitate response when earthquakes occur. Examining the relationship between information, action and theory and theories of organizational adaptation, this book will be applicable to a wide range of organizational change efforts, as well as being a strong and distinctive contribution to the literature on seismic policy and crisis management.
Christopher J. Clarke
Shareholder Value
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The tenth volume in the "Best of Long Range Planning Series" focuses on the role of shareholder value as a key tool to evaluating strategic options. Within limits, the concept has an essential part to play in strategic management. However, the authors argue that it should not be the only approach used, as customer focus and employee development are also crucial. By learning the lessons propounded in this volume, companies can avoid inappropriate predation, generate attractive returns for shareholders and provide a sound platform from which to launch and sustain successful customer-driven strategies and lasting competitive advantage.
Robert E. Caves
Strategic Airport Planning
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The role of an airport within the air transport system used to be largely incontestable. The system is now being shaped less by the concept of social service and more by market forces. Progressive liberalisation of air transport, together with trends to privatisation and globalisation are causing the roles of airports to change, for planning to become increasingly decentralised, and for the traffic to become more volatile. Airports are increasingly in competition for markets. Yet the markets are limited, and airport expansion is made difficult by environmental pressures that push towards sustainable transport, and the need to justify investment. The book will examine these pressures in order to identify changes that are required to the airport planning process. The major issues to be discussed are: forecasting in an uncertain world; airport market share; airline network choices; political settings and their consequences; economic justification and viability; environmental impacts and their mitigation; cooperative planning; and physical planning challenges. The issues will be illuminated by case studies of representative airport systems: intercontinental gateways, metropolitan multi airport system, provincial and regional airports and developing country systems. The final section will bring together suggestions for ways in which the industry can move forward to a green and profitable future with an appropriate provision of new capacity.
Akmal S. Hyder
Strategic Alliances in Eastern and Central Europe
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The publication of this book is timely and appropriate because it deals with Eastern and Central Europe (ECE), and alliances with local partners with different attitudes, beliefs and ways of thinking. At the beginning of the 1990s many Western firms entered ECE hurriedly without thinking about the complexities associated with this region. Many promising business ideas failed due to lack of knowledge about the local environment including social, cultural, political and human resource related issues. This book therefore addresses issues in depth as how to reduce the gaps between Western and Eastern firms and how to make the alliances workable and fruitful. Initially motives are focused to assess partners' expectations from the alliances. Once expectations are known, it becomes easier to evaluate performance of the activities. Exchange of complementary resources plays a vital role in the formation, management and development of the relationships. The change of need over time and exchange of resources are seen as a consequence of learning that takes place on the part of alliance partners. Environmental factors are of particular interest in this study as they influence the operations in various ways and many times can directly contribute to the success or failure of the collaborations. It includes topics such as: Exchange of complementary resources; Grouping of Eastern and Central Europe on the basis of success in adopting market economy; Role of environment factors on alliance operations; Scope and consequence of learning on the alliance; and development and benefits of networking.
Philip Sadler
Strategic Change
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This volume brings together 12 outstanding articles from "Long Range Planning - The International Journal of Strategic Management" dealing with different aspects of the complex process of managing strategic change. Among the issues covered are the development of strategic vision and the creation of a sense of mission, the importance of corporate culture, the role of leadership and the factors affecting successful implementation of new strategies. Case histories are given describing the experiences of companies such as Volvo, Ciba-Geigy, and BP in their effort to become 'higher performance organisations' by the strategic management of change. This is a very timely work, focusing on the major challenges facing management today.
Herman Daems
Strategic Groups, Strategic Moves and Performance
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This volume provides a collection of papers at the cutting edge of competitive strategy, analyzing and assessing the role and value of strategic moves and groups in industry. Theoretical models are supplemented by empirical studies on the dynamics of competitive moves and the link between strategic groups and performance. Linking commentaries and extensive reviews of research issues make this a comprehensive survey of the subject. The book will be of value to corporate strategists, consultants, senior managers, as well as academics concerned with research into competitive strategy.
J.M. Bryson
Strategic Management
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What does strategic planning for public and non-profit purposes look like? How does strategic planning differ from other kinds of planning, and how can these different approaches be reconciled? How can strategic planning and implementation be linked effectively to create strategic management? How can strategic management for public and non-profit purposes be tailored to fit differing circumstances, including those facing governments, public agencies, state enterprises, privatized enterprises, and non-profit organizations? What is the proper role for elected or appointed policy boards when it comes to strategic management? How can participation by key stakeholders be managed? How should various planning tools be used in strategic planning? This selection of papers from "Long Range Planning - The International Journal of Strategic Management" provides answers to these questions by presenting a variety of approaches to the improvement of strategic thinking and acting for all those who wish to sharpen their skills and improve their strategic planning and management efforts for public and non-profit purposes. It also describes some of the problems which can occur in the application of what is fast becoming a standard part of the management repertoire of public and non-profit organizations.
Marc J.I. Gaudry
Structural Road Accident Models
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DRAG (from un modele de la Demande Routiere, des Accidents et leur Gravite) is a complex computer model that simulates accident propensities under detailed conditions. The DRAG approach constitutes the largest road accident modelling effort ever undertaken. Gaudry is the creator and developer of DRAG and this work explains its nature, purpose and value. Such a model, which explains accidents for a whole region, province or country, has advantages in answering many questions asked about accidents (such as the role of the economic cycle, weather, prices, insurance etc.) that other models fail to take fully into account. DRAG research is underpinned by a fundamental theoretical innovation which sees a 3-level approach to analysing the determinants of the number of road victims in a given accident: Exposure (the distance travelled), Accident Frequency Risk and Accident Severity Risk (i.e. the number of victims of each type of accident). In applying flexible mathematical forms, the DRAG model also allows significant conceptual and empirical claims to be made about the importance of detecting responses that reverse themselves (to alcohol, and to other factors). Under Gaudry's guidance, a family of DRAG-inspired models has grown up, based on their development for different countries and this book explores each national model in turn. As more countries seek to adopt the DRAG approach, this book serves as a timely, unique and valuable guide to the model.
Bernhard Wilpert
System Safety
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Safety science is now well advanced in analysing risks and safety problems, but what appears to be missing is a better understanding of the methods and strategies which could help to close the gap between analysis and corrective action. Even in organizations such as nuclear plants where thorough and frequent analyses of safety-critical events occur and comprehensive reports are submitted to regulators or super-ordinate utility safety departments, these reports get filed away in a kind of data bank that resembles genuine event report cemeteries. Learning reaches a dead end here. The articles gathered in this collection address safety-oriented systems interventions and the various ways in which experience can be transferred and corrective measures applied to situations that warrant such attention.
K. Frick
Systematic Occupational Health and Safety Management
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In the past 15 years, the notions of systematic OHS management and OHS management systems have gained wide currency amongst regulators, employers and other parties in advanced industrialised countries. Indeed, these related but distinct concepts are now also finding their way into developing countries. Inducing employers to take a comprehensive, programmatic and preventive responsibility for OHS rather than just prescribing specific solutions has emerged as a major new regulatory strategy and this approach has also been voluntarily assumed by an increasing number of (generally large) organisations. Government methods to promote OHSM as well as the form and content of both these and voluntary management systems vary widely. There has been little attempt to critically assess the developments just described, let alone compare different forms of OHSM, examine the problems of implementing these policies or identify their strengths and limitations. This book seeks to address this gap. With diverse contributions from leading experts in Europe, America and Australasia, the book examines the origins, development, application and value of OHSM, as well as providing an international perspective on their effectiveness in managing ill-health at work. It also examines the impact of recent changes in economic, labour market, organisational and regulatory structures.
John Morecroft
Systems Perspectives on Resources, Capabilities, and Management Processes
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Traditional notions of stand-alone, "atomistic" organizations are giving way to new concepts about organizations and new modes of organizational interaction. Systems thinking is now becoming an essential skill for managers and management researchers who want to understand new kinds of competitive and cooperative interrelationships between organizations. This volume brings together systems and strategy thinkers to develop a number of systems perspectives and approaches that are essential in managing today's organizations. A main feature of this volume is its careful integration of systems concepts with contemporary strategic management ideas about organizational resources, capabilities, and management processes. The work explains essential systems concepts and their central role in current ideas about organizational competence. Papers in the volume apply systems concepts to: modelling practical management problems; reconceptualizing the nature of organizations and their internal processes; improving managerial sensemaking capabilities in complex environments; devising "simple rules" for reducing and managing organizational complexity. Several case studies and examples are used to illustrate key systems concepts and their application to management practice. The book also provides a solid grounding in essential systems concepts for management researchers developing new management theory for today's complex environments, as well as practical insights for managers who must manage increasing complexity in their organizations today.
Michelle Selinger
Telematics in Education
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"Telematics in Education" provides readers with an exciting examination of the use of computer based communication technologies within education. Discussion ranges from whether new forms of teaching and learning involving telematics can replace existing methods, to how far collaborative learning can take place through telematics. The authors consider the possible implications for psychological and organisational issues in education and how an increased use of telematics could radically alter the relationship between education and society.
Jaap Scheerens
The Foundations of Educational Effectiveness
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How much do schools really matter? How sure are we on "what works" in education and why? Why is it that certain educational practices work better than others in improving educational effectiveness? In this book, recent research and theoretical interpretations are used in a critical analysis of the knowledge base on educational effectiveness. It offers new insights into the most promising levers for school improvement and shows future directions for educational research. In the first part of the book, concepts of school and educational analysis are defined, and various alternative perspectives discussed. The scope and range of application of the concept of school effectiveness is demonstrated by referring to empirical studies on the stability of school effects over time, the consistency of effects over grades, classrooms and subject matter areas and the generalizability of research findings across contexts. Particular attention is given to international comparative findings. The second part of the book is an assessment of the available knowledge base by means of a context analysis of instruments to measure hypothetical effectiveness enhancing conditions and a review of reviews and meta-analyses. In the third part, the modelling and theoretical interpretation of educational effectiveness is the central issue, laying bare basic explanatory mechanisms that are examined for their usefulness as levers for school improvement. In the final chapter, implications for future research in educational effectiveness are examined.
Mark N. Franklin
The Future of Election Studies
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Election studies have reached a critical point in their development. In 1999, directors of election studies in Great Britain, Canada, the Netherlands and the USA, together with the directors of the European Elections Studies program and the Comparative Study of Election Systems group, met to discuss the conduct of election studies. After the conference, attendees responded to issues raised at the meeting by writing the chapters contained in this volume. There is unanimity among the investigators that studies based upon the Michigan model have reached the limit of what they can achieve. "The Future of Election Studies" considers the nature of new research questions facing electoral scholars, why conventional pre- and/or post-election studies are ill-equipped to address these questions, and how such studies are adapting to meet the challenges faced by scholars today and in the future.
Peter J. Buckley
The Global Challenge for Multinational Enterprises
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This book examines the relationship between multinational firms and emerging markets, a relationship which has changed profoundly in the period from the 1950's to the late 1990's. Governments and multinational firms have moved from a situation of conflict to one where government policies were seen as a constraint on the activities of MNE's, and finally to an era of cooperation. This relationship has been reflected in (and driven by) academic writing on the subject, of which this book is a selection of the best examples. The readings in part one show how the critical conflictual elements of the relationship were emphasized in the period 1950 to 1975. Latterly, writing has emphasized cooperation, even harmony, and writers have pointed out that free trade based on cooperative advantage can bring benefits for all. The most profound change in the world economy in the early post-war period was the emergence of successive waves of Asian 'newly industrializing countries' (NIC's) as key players, bringing new competition to Western nations and fostering the notion of a 'loss of competitiveness' in the developed countries, as well as changing the nature of FDI in the developing countries. These issues are covered in part two. As outward oriented policies replaced protectionist ones, emerging country multinationals became salient: the analysis of their strategies is the subject of part three. Part four examines how the policies of host governments towards inward investment have been shaped by the increasing interdependence of global economic activity. Asian emerging countries went beyond NIC status to become full global competitors, and the post-communist nations began to enter the world economy as new NICs. The danger facing many economies was that of being left on the fringes as globalisation drew countries together, either through expanded world trade and FDI or through the creation of trading blocs (EU, NAFTA, ASEAN-AFTA). The wholly new issues which have inevitably been thrown up by these changes are examined in the final part of this collection.
M. G. H. Bell
The Network Reliability of Transport
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The reliability of transportation networks has become an increasingly important issue as sustained economic growth and improvements to the quality of life around the world lead to increases in the value of time. Consequently, schedules and routes need to be able to accommodate the unexpected, like accidents, disasters or traffic flow fluctuations, with as little loss in operational efficiency as possible. Sources of unreliability include variation of demand and supply. It is widely expected that network reliability analysis will play a more important role in the planning, design and management of transportation facilities and networks in the future. This book is an outcome of the First International Symposium on Transport Network Reliability (INSTR), held at Kyoto in 2001, and consists of 24 selected papers. It covers various aspects of transport network reliability, such as definitions and methodological developments for reliability indices, behavioural analysis under uncertainty, evaluation methods for the disaster resistance of transport networks, and simulation/observation of travel time reliability.
Khosrow Fatemi
The New World Order
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As the new millennium dawns, a new world order is taking shape. The political environment in which the global economy has to function is finally recovering from the bewilderment which followed the collapse of the bipolar system which had, in turn, come into being after World War Two. The aim of this book is to provide a discussion of the new world order as manifested by some of the changes which dominate the arena, specifically the dichotomy of concurrent attempts at globalization and regionalization of international trade and financial issues. The book is organized into four parts. Having set the stage in Part I, Part II deals with globalization issues, especially the World Trade Organization and its impact on global trade, as well as examining labor standards and reviewing the long-standing debate on trade policy. Part III provides an examination of some of the larger and more successful attempts at regional integration and regionalization of trade issues in Asia, the European Union, and the transitional economies of Central Europe. Finally, Part IV provides an analysis of one of the vehicles of bringing about the changes which are necessary to turn this still abstract idea into reality, namely the multinational corporations.
Khosrow Fatemi
The North American Free Trade Agreement
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After years of debate and a turbulent passage through Congress, The North American Free Trade Agreement came into effect on 1st January 1994. The agreement heralds a new era in North America's economic and political behavior and will dominate the international economic arena of the western hemisphere in the coming decades. In order to understand the implications and challenges of NAFTA on both a domestic and international level, this book examines the corporate, managerial and financial consequences for the participating countries (United States, Canada and Mexico), as well as the wider impact of economic regionalism in the new world order, especially in relation to the European Union. An overview of the agreement itself is followed by analysis from an external perspective and an examination of intra-regional issues.
M. Henry
The OECD, Globalisation and Education Policy
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The increasing significance of the OECD in the development of national education policies has received much attention in recent years. Although it is recognised that certain international agencies such as the OECD as key "globalizing agencies", have acquired the capacity to "persuade" nation states towards certain policy priorities, little attention has been paid to making clear how these processes of persuasion may work. This volume investigates such processes, drawing on a study of the relationship between the OECD and educational policy directions in Australia. It investigates the link between three elements of education policy, the nation state, the OECD and globalization. These links are explored through case studies in higher education and vocational education and training policy developments, drawing on the Australian experience. The book also generates questions about educational purposes and decision making in the contemporary contexts which have wider applicability.
Arun J. Prakash
The Return Generating Models in Global Finance
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The market model, introduced over thirty years ago, is one of the most studied and utilized return generating models in finance. Over three decades, it has withstood rigorous testing and, with refinements over the years, remains the standard of reference today, being applied to almost all existing global investment opportunities. The resulting literature is prolific, and the aim of this book is to consolidate the most important literature on the market model, focusing especially on recent research involving issues related to the model. The market model is analysed in detail and its characteristics discussed, criticisms presented and possible shortcomings tested. The book also presents a guide to the various applications of the model, as well as a discussion of other types of model, their forecasting power and their relationship with the market model.
John C Chicken
The Risk Ranking Technique in Decision Making
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This book develops a comprehensive approach, known as the Ranking Technique, for the assessment of decision options. It aims to provide a way of presenting a decision maker with a consistent method of making a thorough assessment of all the factors associated with complex decisions. The Ranking Technique is based on a detailed analysis of all the issues involved and presents the results in a simple manner which should be understandable by the lay public not versed in the complexities of the issues involved. Ranking Technique is illustrated by application to four major decisions that have caused controversy and one fuel resource evaluation, although it is stressed that the Technique is applicable to all decision-making situations. The study describes how technical, economic and socio-political factors can be evaluated and their significance integrated to give a comprehensive assessment of the decision options.
Keith Michael Baker
The Terror, Volume Four
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The problem of the Terror lies at the heart of any reflection upon the French Revolution and its implications for modern political culture. Contemporaries sought to grasp its meaning immediately after the fact as they struggled to explain an experience which seemed to defy the Revolution's fundamental assumption: that rational human intentions could erase the arbitrariness of history and institute a transparent social order. Since then, historians and philosophers have not ceased to ponder what Benjamin Constant called "that inexplicable delirium known as the reign of the Terror. "For some, the Terror deviated from the rights of man only to preserve them: it was a system of revolutionary government dictated by circumstances that threatened the very existence of the infant French Republic. For others, it revealed a dynamic inherent in the Revolution from the start: a dynamic unleashed by the very effort to refashion society in the light of human reason. For still others, it was a symptom of the fact that the promised transformation of society was still incomplete - and a model for any future revolution that would complete it. This volume has been designed to bring together contributions by representatives of a wide range of historiographical approaches to the French Revolution. It seeks, in the wake of the heated historical debates of recent years, to reopen old questions and to formulate new ones, to suggest how the problem of understanding the Terror is being approached, or might be approached, two hundred years after the event. In a century more than ever aware of the fragility of the boundaries between citizenship and victimization, the topic retains its challenge for historical comprehension - and its profound relevance to the enduring question of the nature and conditions of democracy. Now volume 4 is published. Drawing clear inspiration from the earlier highly acclaimed volumes, Professor Baker has now edited a supplementary volume. It has as its aim to advance, by focusing more precisely on the period of the Terror, the explanation of the nature and implications of the political culture of the French Revolution the early volumes initiated.
D.G. Beane
The United States and GATT
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This book examines the nature of the evolutionary relationship that developed between the United States and the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) system, and considers the effects of this relationship on their individual evolution and development. These effects were felt, within the GATT system, on its role in international trade, manner and method of functioning, form, and the very nature of its existence; and, within the United States, on its international trade policy and role in the system, the nature of the relationship between the executive and legislative branches vis-a-vis trade, and the relationship between the branches of government and private industry. The book begins by looking at the events, particularly in the 1920's and 1930's, that predated and created the environment out of which the GATT system developed. It then looks at the formation process and the development of the GATT system as a whole. Since the role of the United States was crucial throughout this entire process, the book examines that role in particular depth, especially as it reflected and helped to form US trade legislation. The role of the other countries throughout this entire process is included in the examination and analysis only in so far as they had an effect upon the evolution and development of the GATT system and affected the course of US action.
Tommy Garling
Theoretical Foundations of Travel Choice Modeling
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This volume fulfills a long-felt need for a single text which documents the theoretical foundations of travel choice modeling. With contributions from a good cross-section of the leading researchers in the field, the work provides a valuable reference which will be of lasting interest and value. Divided into three parts, Microeconomic Theory, Behavioral Decision Theory and Statistical Theory, the book extends approaches to travel choice modeling beyond the consumer theory developed in economics by applying theories from the fields of geography, psychology and statistics and in doing so addresses two fundamental questions: what are the theoretical foundations of travel choice modeling and what should they be? Containing twenty specially commissioned chapters, this book represents the latest and best thinking in this rapidly expanding field. Activity-based and dynamic approaches are fast emerging as the state-of-the-art in transport modeling and are replacing trip-based models. This book tackles the key theoretical foundations that underpin these new approaches by asking: are there developments in traditional microeconomic theory which make it usable? Is behavioral decision theory a more appropriate theoretical foundation? Which are the statistical data analytical issues in each case and how can they be solved?
Ning Wang
Tourism and Modernity
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In western society it is taken for granted that tourism is a necessary element of contemporary lifestyle, but while many people recognize its importance, they are usually more concerned with its contribution to the economy than with its social, cultural, and political significance. As a social action, tourism is at least partly based on the appeal of distance in time, space, and culture, which offers people the opportunity to question conditions they take for granted, and, by distancing themselves from everyday life, to re-examine the meaning of their lives. Within a traditional society, however, the action of distancing from normality is usually negatively sanctioned. By contrast, under modernity people mostly have the necessary resources to transcend the everyday world through experiences which are at a distance from their daily lives. Tourism thus has much to do with the conditions and consequences of modernity and is, in short, an indicator of the ambivalence of modernity. It is from this perspective that this book attempts to broaden the established line of enquiry into the relationship between tourism and modernity. The book is divided into three parts. Part 1 contextualizes tourism in terms of the relationship between Logos-modernity and Eros-modernity. Part 2 then deals with the relationship between modernity and the motivations and experiences of tourists. Finally, Part 3 focuses on the conditions of modernity that lure tourists towards leisure and pleasure travel.
Boris Vukonic
Tourism and Religion
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The interrelationship of religion and tourism has barely been touched upon in scholarly research. This book aims to present and analyze this relationship from sociological, economic and anthropological perspectives. The religious tourist and categories of religiously motivated tourism are delineated, and numerous contemporary issues worthy of attention and research are identified. This provides insights into the relationship between tourism and religion: suppression or encouragement of one by the other; potential and actual conflicts; their mutual casualty and impact; the expression of religious feeling or freedom; the touristic determinants of pilgrimages, etc. The author ends with his own observations and conclusions regarding the future of the relationship and its likely direction and development.
P.L. Pearce
Tourism Community Relationships
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The study of tourism is, arguably, ready for a thorough theoretical yet empirical analysis of the relationship between tourism and host communities. Pearce, Moscardo and Ross deal with the impacts tourism is having on communities internationally, going beyond a mere review of such impacts to investigate the origins, development and manifestations of community attitudes. A theoretical perspective is developed on how communities come to understand tourism and react to it. In terms of its disciplinary approaches the book combines social-psychological, sociological, economic and media analyses and can properly be termed a study within the new specialism of tourism. A number of yet-to-be-published studies of tourism and communities are reported on, and some large scale existing works on tourism and community reaction are reviewed and revisited.
K. Skoldberg
Tracks and Frames
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This volume unifies central parts of organization and management theory that have thus far been fragmented and unconnected. It integrates prior research on organizational types and transitions, and also spawns a number of incipient theories about organizational transformations. The book develops the framework of a "symbolic economy" in which organizations are viewed as fundamentally concerned with symbol-processing devices. A key notion is "planning cultures" - global mental representations of an organization, or collective frames of mind expressing different levels of strategic capacity. Organizational transitions are seen as movements on a buckled or warped field between seven different planning cultures, motivated by the need to economize on "social energy". This field is shaped by various transforming factors, most notably uncertainty and pressure.
Rajneesh Narula
Trade and Investment in a Globalising World
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This volume of collected essays by eminent scholars in the fields of International Trade and Investment have been written and edited in honour of H. Peter Gray. Over a career in economics spanning almost 40 years, Peter Gray has been a prolific writer. He has made significant contributions and syntheses in a variety of subfields in international economics; the interaction of national economics and the foreign sector, causes and results of international financial flows, the economics of foreign direct investment, the assignment of policy tools for domestic and international objectives, and the macroeconomic impact of trade policy, among others. He has directly influenced scores of graduate students who continue to carry his passion for inclusiveness of variables in the economic analysis of the causes, effects, and relative importance of shifts in domestic and international economic (and social) variables. Contributors to this volume include John Dunning, John Hagedoorn, Thomas Pugel, Ingo Walter and Gabriel Benito.
T Rothengatter
Traffic and Transport Psychology
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This volume presents a balanced and representative overview of the major developments and trends in traffic and transport psychology". "Traffic and Transport Psychology" covers and enormously diverse field with many different theoretical and methodological approaches. Driver behaviour theories are, as yet, fragmented. Some theories focus on performance aspects, some on risk management and some on the social context. The first part of the book presents arguments for integrated models, for alternative paradigms and for a blatant a theoretical approach to driver behaviour. In addition, two chapters are devoted to novel methodological approaches to studying driver behaviour. In the second part, driver performance is the central issue, centred around three themes: perception, cognition and workload. The third part deals with social factors. It reflects the considerable development that has been made in recent years in the area of attitude measurement and the effect of attitude components and factors reflecting individual differences such as sensation-seeking on driver behaviour and, in particular, on drivers' willingness to take risks and commit traffic law violations. In the last part, current developments are discussed in relation to applications to enhance safety. Above all, this volume reflects the enormous growth and development that has occurred in traffic and transport psychology in recent years. While it has been repeatedly demonstrated that the driver is the critical link in accident causation, it is only recently that this is translated, at least in some countries, into an awareness that effective accident countermeasures can no longer ignore the perceptual and cognitive capabilities, attitudes and social factors that govern driver behaviour. It is hoped that the contents of this book will contribute to a more humane traffic and transport system.
D.R. Garrison
Transactional Perspective on Teaching and Learning
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Published as part of the successful "Advances in Learning and Instruction Series", this book provides a comprehensive and coherent perspective on the processes and outcomes of a meaningful and worthwhile educational experience in adult and higher education. Assuming a collaborative constructionist perspective for examining educational experience, the authors discuss the core concepts of responsibility and control. These concepts are at the heart of conceptual models of critical thinking and self-directed learning in the study and practice of adult and higher education. In turn, these concepts provide a framework for a stimulating discussion about the design and implementation of teaching methods and learning activities.
P. Jones
Transport Survey Quality and Innovation
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This overview of developments in transport survey methods from around the world emphasises survey quality and innovation. It contains selected papers from the International Conference on Transport Survey Quality and Innovation, held in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, during August 2001. The conference covered both passenger and freight transport, but was limited to surveys that collect information directly from individuals or organisations so it excludes traffic counts or other observational data collection. Many delegates were from Sub-Saharan Africa and other less developed regions of the world, so there was also an interest in identifying user needs and exploring what can be accomplished outside the North American/Western European regions of the world. This conference was the eighth in a series of international conferences on Survey Methods held since the late 1970s, the previous one having been held in Germany in May 1997, entitled "Transport Surveys: Raising the Standard".
A. Ceder
Transportation and Traffic Theory
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1999 marks the 40th anniversary of the inception of the ISTTT symposia. It is clear that much has changed in the field of transportation in the last 40 years but in this time the ISTTT triennial symposia have remained the premier series of conferences in transportation science. Presented here are over 30 papers exploring innovative solutions to the analysis of traffic and transportation problems through use of the models, methods and analyses both existent and under development. Issues of safety, mobility, efficiency, productivity, planning and the environment are of increasing concern worldwide and are addressed here through the prism of the various methods and models available. The book is divided into ten sections which follow the same session order as the symposium: Traffic Flow Models, Traffic Flow Behaviour, Road Safety and Pedestrians, Flow Evaluation on Road Networks, Traffic Assignment, Traffic Demand, Forecasting and Decision Tools, Traffic Simulation, Traffic Information and Control, Road Tolling and Parking Balance, Traveller Survey and Transit Planning. Prior to acceptance, the papers presented here were subjected to a rigorous two-stage international review process. With contributions from many of the most important researchers in the field, what results is a book which will help define the state-of-the-art in transportation science and point towards future intelligent developments in the new millennium.
Michael A. P. Taylor
Transportation and Traffic Theory in the 21st Century
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This volume contains the formal proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Transportation and Traffic Theory (ISTTT), which was held at the University of South Australia in Adelaide, Australia on 16-18 July 2002. The ISTTT series is the peak gathering for the world's transportation and traffic theorists. It deals exclusively with the scientific aspects of transportation and traffic phenomena. Although it embraces a wide range of specific topics, from traffic flow theory and travel demand modelling to road safety and logistics and supply chain modelling, the work of the ISTTT is hallmarked in all its topics of interest by innovation, research and rigour in analytical treatment of real world transport and traffic problems. The ISTTT has been held in cities around the world about once every three years, starting in Detroit in 1959. Subsequent symposia have been held in London, New York, Karlsruhe, San Francisco (twice), Sydney, Kyoto, Toronto, Delft, Boston (Mass), Yokohama, Lyon and Jerusalem. No more than 35 papers are selected for presentation, following a rigorous two-stage selection and peer review process (of extended abstracts and full papers). The proceedings define the international state of the art in traffic and transport research at the time of the symposium. Amongst the topics covered in the book are: traffic flow theory, traffic management and traffic control; intelligent transport systems; analytical techniques for road safety; travel demand modelling, including dynamic traffic assignment, route control and congestion pricing; environmental impact analysis for transport systems; public transport planning, service design and operations; freight transport modelling; logistics and supply chain modelling; pedestrian and bicycle transport.
Juan De Dios Ortuzar
Travel Behaviour Research
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This collection of papers, presented by the leading researchers in the field, addresses the fundamental topics within travel behaviour research and serves both to define the state of the art and to stimulate future research. The work presented in this book is pivotal to an understanding of the current and future role of the private motor vehicle in society and helps us to understand how our future society will be shaped by the nature of personal travel. It is divided into five sections: underpinnings of travel behaviour; stated preference; travel patterns; dynamics of route choice; and, methodological advancements. The book contains twenty-nine papers originally presented at the Seventh International Conference of the International Association for Travel Behaviour Research and subsequently refereed and revised for publication. It can justly be said that the book represents the latest published update of the global map of travel behaviour research.
David A. Hensher
Travel Behaviour Research
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Developments in methodology and applications in travel behaviour research continue to diversify to capture the growing complexity of human travel activity and coping strategies. The random utility theory (RUM) paradigm on which many econometric and empirical studies have been based since the mid-1970's has been challenged by the bounded utility maximisation or satisficing paradigm. More recently, the rules-based paradigm from psychology has attracted considerable interest and shows signs of offering a serious 'alternative' paradigm to RUM. This book highlights the competition between these ideas and shows how the rules-based paradigm has opened up opportunities to reflect the activity-based decision-making process. In six specially commissioned resource papers - including one by Nobel laureate Daniel McFadden - it describes the state of the art in travel behaviour research, from the fundamentals of data collection to the frontiers of e-commerce. The next 14 chapters then set out a series of research directions for ongoing inquiry. Thirty-three further chapters then offer detailed leading edge contributions within seven themes: methodological developments in choice analysis; longitudinal perspectives in choice modelling; incorporating schedules, uncertainty and reliability; challenges facing micro-simulation; integrated transport planning models; driver information and route choice; and data structures. Based on research presented at the Ninth International Conference of the International Association for Travel Behaviour Research (IATBR), this volume captures major developments in the field since the publication of the last IATBR volume in 1998, and will therefore be of value to all researchers and practitioners needing to keep abreast of current work on travel behaviour.
Peter R. Stopher
Understanding Travel Behaviour in an Era of Change
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Travel behaviour research has a pivotal role to play in informing the current worldwide debate over the degree to which the growth in personal travel, notably by private motor vehicle, should be encouraged or controlled. At stake are complex public interests concerning air quality, energy, lifestyle, economic development and the built environment. This international collection of papers on current methodological and substantive findings from the analysis of personal travel is written by leading travel behaviour researchers from the social and engineering sciences. It is organised in four sections: traveller activity and perception; stated preference methods; dynamic behaviour; and improvement of behavioural travel models.
Guy Neave
Universities' Responsibilities to Society
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The Fourth Mid Term Conference of Heads of Universities was hosted by Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok, Thailand and took place between November 12th and 14th 1997. The occasion brought together heads and representatives of universities and of major national, regional and international bodies whose concern lies with higher education world-wide and in all its manifestations. The purpose of their meeting was to debate the general theme 'The Universities' Responsibilities to Society'. It is a theme which over the past decade has been gathering weight and momentum. Higher education is taking on more students, employing more teachers and researchers and is advancing the frontiers of knowledge at an ever-increasing pace. Included in this publication are all the keynote and plenary addresses which dealt with the three broad sub-themes of the Conference. These are: university and development: anticipating change; universities and the international knowledge enterprise; academic freedom and university autonomy: pre-requisites for the university meeting its responsibilities.
Rainer Bromme
Writing Hypertext and Learning
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Once the basic idea of hypertext had spread rapidly throughout the world via the Internet, the reception of hypertexts soon became subject of empirical research among psychologists, cognitive scientists, and educational researchers. As easy to use software for the writing of hypertexts (HTML editors) is now broadly available, there are no longer any technical obstacles for the use of hypertext production in teaching and learning. This book presents and analyses the learning effects that can be anticipated from the production of hypertexts. It includes laboratory experiments, studies on the production of hypertexts in the context of educational institutions, and reports on software environments designed for the production of hypertext. It includes theoretical, empirically and developmentally oriented contributions. The first three chapters link up directly with research on traditional writing while addressing aspects of the interaction between content and rhetoric during hypertext writing. The next three chapters focus on cooperative learning of students in and through the production of hypertexts. The following two chapters look at new technological possibilities, namely, a software environment for transforming textbooks into personalized hypertexts and the design of hypervideos. The final chapter discusses potential methods for further research.
