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Ruminal viruses and extrachromosomal genetic elements
The rumen contains a complex microbial ecosystem populated by prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) and eukaryotes (protozoa and fungi) highly adapted to the fermentation of solely herbivorous feeds, and to survival in a gut environment. In the rumen there are also dense viral populations which both...
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Advances in optical analysis for crop phenotyping
Plant phenotyping technologies have been developing rapidly in the last decades. Among various phenotyping technologies, optical sensing such as RGB, multi-spectral and hyperspectral imaging have become popular and widely applied in different applications. In this chapter, these optical sensors a...
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Genome-wide association studies (gwas) in wheat
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have become a very popular method for dissecting the genetic basis of complex traits in plants, including wheat. The benefits of GWAS are a relatively detailed mapping resolution and that no population development is required. The surge of interest in GWAS h...
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Advances in pest and disease management in greenhouse cultivation
Greenhouse crops are continuously under pressure of infestations by a wide range of pests and diseases. This chapter describes the myriad practices that can contribute to managing pests and diseases, and how to integrate these practices in an ecologically based integrated pest management (IPM) ap...
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Advances and challenges in strawberry genetic improvement
The commercial strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is a popular temperate fruit that is both nutritious and widely appreciated for flavour. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight some of the newest innovations in strawberry production with particular emphasis on genetic improvement of the crop....
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Developing effective training and certification schemes for improving on-farm dairy cattle welfare
This chapter discusses developing effective training and certification schemes for improving on-farm dairy cattle welfare. It begins by reviewing the selection of measures that can be used for assessing animal welfare, focusing firstly on animal-based measures, then moves on to review resource an...
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Digestive kinetics of feedstuffs in broiler chickens
Growth performance of broiler chickens may be sub-optimal because starch is digested too rapidly and protein too slowly. This chapter reviews how a better understanding of digestive kinetics can address this challenge and contribute to least-cost formulation of broiler diets to enhance chicken-me...
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Closed-loop precision farming technologies to optimize resource use
Agriculture continues to play an integral role in the growth of the economy of any country, not only as a means of livelihood for the population but also as their main source of food. Therefore, identifying strategies that can promote the productivity of agriculture is a key priority as it enhanc...
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Developments in physical weed control
Physical weed control is the key method for reducing negative impacts of weeds in organic cropping systems, and remains important even on many conventional vegetable farms. Inter-row cultivation is generally effective, but controlling intra-row weeds remains a challenge. Well-timed use of torsion...
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The role of herbicide-resistant crops in integrated weed management
Herbicide-resistant (HR) crops have been a boon for farmers who have adopted them as they provided simple, flexible and economical tool to manage a broad spectrum of weeds and weeds resistant to other herbicides. This chapter reviews the major types of HR crop (commercialized or under development...
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Greenbug (schizaphis graminum): an overview
Greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a major insect pest of cereal grains on the southern Great Plains of the United States. This chapter summarizes greenbug life history and biology, provides a description of the direct and indirect crop injury caused by greenbug to...
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Modeling weed population dynamics in conservation agriculture systems
We have available a relatively rich arsenal of platforms (satellites, airplanes, UAVs, combines, ATVs), sensors and image processing procedures to detect weeds at various spatial and temporal scales. Up to now these technologies have been mainly used for map-based targeted herbicide spraying, imp...
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Biostimulant action of protein hydrolysates on crops
Protein hydrolysates are a category of plant biostimulants containing a mixture of polypeptides, oligopeptides and amino acids that are manufactured from animal or plant derived-protein sources using partial hydrolysis. Protein hydrolysates are used for foliar applications and to a lesser extent ...
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Instant insights: septoria tritici blotch in cereals
This collection features four peer-reviewed reviews of septoria tritici blotch in cereals.
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Improving water productivity in rainfed agriculture: challenges and opportunities for small-scale farmers in dry lands
There is growing global recognition of the need to improve agricultural water management if we are to achieve sustainable food production systems which ensure future food security whilst maintaining ecosystem services, strengthening capacity for adaptation to climate change and averting degradati...
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Understanding and exploiting genetics of tropical tree species for restoration of tropical forests
The development of sound conservation and regeneration strategies depends on the exploitation of genetic variation of tropical trees. Patterns of genetic variation have been assessed in field trials and at molecular markers only for a few main plantation species such as eucalypts. Preliminary evi...
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Advances in understanding fungal contamination in cereals
Cereals are food security crops because of their high nutritive values for energy (carbohydrate-based energy) and other nutrients (proteins) and their long-term storability. They constitute the main food staples in many parts of the world and are primary animal feed ingredients. Cereal production...
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Types of silvopastoral system: an overview
In temperate regions, as the main agricultural land uses are livestock grazing or tillage, the most applicable agroforestry practices are silvopastoral systems (where trees are grown in grazed or mown pasture in a regular or varied pattern) and silvoarable systems (where trees or shrubs are grown...
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Incorporating genetics into crop models to identify new phenotypes adapted to climate change
This chapter proposes a framework to develop new genotype (G) x management (M) technologies (G x M) to adapt to climate change, and to transition from current to future G x M technologies in a way that future food security does not come at the expense of current food security. The framework integ...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of sugarcane volume 1
Sugarcane is the source of 80% of the world’s sugar. This volume reviews key research on improving sugarcane production, focussing on enhancing cultivation techniques such as irrigation and nutrient management as well as measuring and improving sustainability.
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Maximizing the efficiency of ribulose bisphosphate (rubp) regeneration to optimize photosynthesis in crops
Photosynthesis provides the carbon and energy for crop growth and many investigators are working to improve photosynthesis in the expectation that that will improve crop growth. There are many component processes to photosynthesis. One grouping of processes can be used to predict responses to the...
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Energy-smart innovation and renewable energy systems on farms: an overview
To save costs, increase productivity, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, energy-smart farming is gaining momentum. Direct energy inputs essential for all food production systems, both on farms as well as along the food supply chain, have conventionally been supplied by oil, coal and natural gas...
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Mapping and exploiting the barley genome: techniques for mapping genes and relating them to desirable traits
Barley is the fourth most cultivated cereal in the world and is thus an important crop in breeding. A large variety of traits are needed for resistance to various stresses as well as to meet the requirements of its several uses. To breed efficiently for those traits, identification of the causal ...
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The usda root zone water quality model
The USDA Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM), developed in the 1980s and released in 1992, simulates root zone processes based on earlier models like CREAMS, GLEAMS, and NTRM. It includes modules for water balance, soil carbon and nitrogen cycling, plant growth, energy balance, solute transport...
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Managing banana bunch pests: towards more ecological approaches
Blemish-free bananas are a modern life staple. This chapter reviews management trends of bunch pests of bananas for export which cause cosmetic damage or trigger quarantine prohibitions in the context of changing regulatory and market requirements. The authors review six major insect pests of the...
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Sequencing and assembly of the wheat genome
The genome sequence is an essential prerequisite for defining the complete gene catalogue of an organism, and it provides a framework for identifying and understanding the function of variants associated with phenotypic traits of interest. For wheat, these traits include disease resistance, crop ...
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Ensuring biosecurity in sugarcane cultivation
Biosecurity in sugarcane cultivation is an important factor in maintaining and improving yields. It can refer to the day-to-day management of established pests, diseases and weeds, as well as preparing for unusual threats to the industry, and safeguarding agriculture and natural resources. This c...
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Conservation agriculture in west asia
The soils of the agricultural areas in West Asia are suffering from degradation, erosion and reduction in fertility that is reflected on the quantity and quality of production. The results of field research in Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Turkey and Iran for the past 10 years or more, comparing...
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Advances in instrumental analysis of dairy products
This chapter discusses advances in instrumental analysis of dairy products. The chapter focuses on areas in which there have been significant advances in the last 10-20 years either in the analytical technology itself or, in some cases, where existing technology has found new areas of application...
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Balancing oil palm cultivation with forest and biodiversity conservation
With the formation of the Roundtable for Sustainable Palm Oil, environmentalists and consumers anticipated a decrease in the indiscriminate destruction of tropical rainforests. Ten years later, thousands of hectares of tropical rainforests continue to be cleared for oil palm plantations in the tr...
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Breeding for small-scale poultry farming
This chapter reviews the particular challenges of developing improved breeds of chicken for small-scale backyard poultry farming on which many smallholder families depend for a balanced diet and income. It reviews issues such as genetic resources for indigenous breeds, breeding strategies and the...
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Advances in understanding canopy development in forest trees
This chapter introduces the reader to physiological processes at the leaf, crown, and canopy level. It details the importance of light and water to these processes, then outlines the patterns that foliage at the three levels assume in order to maximize carbon uptake and tree performance. Summarie...
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Genetic and genomic dairy cattle evaluations in developing countries
Genetic improvement programmes have delivered huge economic returns in developed countries. Supporting these successful genetic improvements are efficient genetic evaluation systems (GES) for the accurate evaluation of animals on which selection is based. Thus, GES is not only an integral and imp...
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Genetics and genomics of feed utilization efficiency in poultry species
Feed utilization efficiency is a trait of high economic importance in livestock production. In poultry meat and egg production, feed accounts for over 70% of the total production costs. Consequently, improving feed utilization efficiency has been a major goal in the poultry industry. The efficie...
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Achieving sustainable production of milk volume 1
This book provides a detailed review of current research on key components and quality traits of milk as well as ways of measuring milk quality. It then discusses genetic factors affecting these traits and how they can be used to improve breeding of dairy cows.
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Developments in crop insect pest detection techniques
Early detection of crop insect pests is indispensable to farmers and managers. Researchers are increasing exploration of technology that improves capability to sense insect presence and maximize the timeliness, accuracy, and interpretability of the sensed data for targeted management. Traditional...
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Understanding the use of vision and olfaction by thrips and other small flying insects to enhance biological control
Biological control is important for the management of small insect pests such as thrips, aphids, psyllids and whiteflies, and options to enhance the effectiveness of the natural enemies of these pests are urgently needed. Stimuli associated with host plant finding, mostly vision and olfaction, pr...
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Instant insights: regenerative techniques to improve soil health
This book provides a detailed overview of the use of regenerative techniques to improve soil health, including the use of compost and crop rotations.
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Branded beef programmes
The emergence of branded beef programmes has had tremendous impact on the beef industry worldwide. As a means to ensure consumer satisfaction and as a tool for differentiation, branding strategies have changed over the years, yet the basic principles of a successful beef brand have not. This chap...
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New techniques for assessing and mapping tropical forests
This chapter reviews recent developments in assessing and mapping tropical forests. It discusses the planning of inventories, assessment procedures and statistical evaluation. It discusses the use of remote sensing techniques to identify changes in land use such logging and deforestation. It also...
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Validating indicators of sheep welfare
Until recently, assessment of sheep welfare has received little attention, perhaps because sheep have traditionally been managed extensively and their relative behavioural freedom has led to perceptions of fewer or lower risks to their welfare. However, extensively managed sheep are still vulnera...
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Efficient and sustainable production of faba bean
Faba bean is mainly grown under rain-fed conditions, although irrigated production is important in Egypt, parts of China and central Asia. China is the leading producer with a wide range of intensive rotation and inter-crop holistic cropping systems. The main focus of this chapter is faba bean cu...
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Ethical issues in integrated weed management
This chapter surveys the potential ethical issues and problems that surround weed science as a subdivision of agriculture. These include the implications of herbicide resistance, invasive species, the introduction of biotech/Genetically Modified Organisms and concerns about sustainability. This c...
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Improving proteins to optimize photosynthesis
It is estimated that crop yields need to increase almost 50% by the year 2050 to feed the increasing world population. While most of this improvement will be accomplished using plant breeding and conventional agronomic methods, another promising tactic is to use plant molecular biology to improve...
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Instant insights: optimising pig nutrition
This collection considers the different approaches and methods which can be implemented to optimise pig nutrition. Chapters discuss the nutritional requirements of pigs and review the use of dietary supplements to support gut function and animal health.
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Advances in arabica coffee breeding: developing and selecting the right varieties
This chapter presents the main components and achievements of the world effort for breeding Arabica coffee and the perspectives for present and future initiatives.
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Advances in irrigation management in greenhouse cultivation
The advantages of greenhouse include the ability to secure better conditions than outdoor environment for crop growth and development, increased off-season production and autonomy from external weather conditions. This chapter provides an up-to-date critical overview of scientific advances in irr...
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Ensuring the genetic diversity of sorghum
Sorghum is a staple food crop for millions of the poorest and most food-insecure people in the semi-arid tropics, and ensuring its diversity and conservation is therefore important for global food and nutritional security. This chapter discusses the taxonomy of sorghum, in situ and ex situ germpl...
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Carbon farming, regenerative agriculture, and environmental sustainability: practices and standards
The carbon cycle has always been a crucial element of agri-food production. However, the rise in atmospheric CO2 from around 280 parts per million (ppm) in 1780 pre-industrial revolution to 424 ppm in 2023 has led to focus both on how farming has contributed to this imbalance and, in particular, ...
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Advances in understanding reproductive development in fruit-bearing plants
In recent years, a physiological understanding of the reproductive development process in fruit trees has accumulated through numerous molecular and genetic studies. Although the physiological traits of perennial or woody fruit trees often hinder studies of the mechanisms driving their reproducti...
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The aquacrop model
FAO (the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) launched in 2009 the dynamic crop growth model “AquaCrop” to predict yield response to water of herbaceous crops. After a brief description of the calculation scheme and the input requirements, the chapter discusses the parametriza...
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The use of trichoderma spp. to control plant diseases
Trichoderma is one of the most studied genera of ascomycetous fungi due to the beneficial effects it has on plants. Trichoderma spp. are involved in the production of cell wall-degrading enzymes and metabolites with antimicrobial activity. It also produces volatile compounds that act together as ...
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Advances in world modeling for agri-food robotics
Performing tasks in the agri-food industry can be complex due to the organic, unstructured environments and natural variation in product. Successfully implementing robotic systems in such contexts is highly dependent on their capacity to adapt to variability, unpredictability and incomplete senso...
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Mitigating the impact of environmental, social and economic issues on sugarcane cultivation to achieve sustainability
Mitigating the impact of sugarcane cultivation on the environment and ensuring both economic and social sustainability is key to successful and enduring sugar industries. This chapter focuses on the impact of agrochemical use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and how these may be mitigated. Pe...
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The daisy crop model
The process-based model Daisy simulates complex crop traits in different environments through various process descriptions for water and solute/nitrogen transport and crop growth of diverse agroecosystems and managements. Daisy runs in one or two dimensions, in the field (basic management unit) o...
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Marker-assisted trait introgression for wheat breeding and research
Trait introgression, the incorporation of a specific character, is a cornerstone of both wheat breeding and research allowing a specific line or variety to be improved for the character. Varieties can be improved by introgressing the trait of interest into their genetic background through backcro...
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Instant insights: ensuring animal welfare during transport and slaughter
This collection features five peer-reviewed literature reviews on ensuring animal welfare during transport and slaughter.
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The genetic basis for pigmentation phenotypes in poultry
There is an extensive variation in plumage color in chicken and each breed of chicken has a characteristic plumage color. Major progress has been made the last 25 years as regards understanding the developmental biology of skin and feathers in birds and also the genetic basis for pigmentation phe...
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Post-harvest wheat losses in africa: an ethiopian case study
This chapter discusses the results of a 2014 questionnaire-based survey instrument used to gauge perceptions of 200 Ethiopian wheat farmers on a wide range of wheat production and post-harvest handling and storage- related topics. It outlines the methods employed in the study, the demographics of...
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The chemical and microbial safety of insect-based feed and food
This chapter discusses chemical and pathogen hazards related to industrial production of selected insect species such as the yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) and house cricket (Acheta domesticus), both of which are authorized for human food and animal feed in the European Union (EU). The chapte...
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Advances in improving the safety and quality of eggs
This book provides a comprehensive review of the latest research on key aspects of safety, quality and sustainability in poultry layer production, including recent advances on how to optimise egg quality and safety to better meet the needs and expectations of consumers.
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Key challenges and methods in identifying management zones
Management zones (MZs) are delineated to identify homogenous regions with similar field characteristics and to differentiate the inputs according to the specific needs of the crops within each zone. Delineation of MZs can be based on soil and landscape attributes and/or plant parameters. There ar...
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Optimizing the use of treated wastes in crop nutrition
Environmental concerns and depleting phosphorus reserves have led to intensified research efforts to close nutrient cycles by recycling of nutrient-rich human wastes in the last decade. Treated wastes for crop nutrition need to contain plant-available nutrients and be free of, or at least low in,...
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Chemical contaminants in milk
Developments in analytical technology now allow the identification of some contaminants in milk that were not previously considered. It is critically important that mechanisms are devised to eliminate or reduce these contaminants below the maximum limit allowed by food safety regulations. Thus, t...
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Assessing soil health by measuring fauna
This chapter provides examples of the impact of soil fauna on soil health within different ecosystems and how the soil habitat changes in relation to this biodiversity. It focuses specifically on mesofauna in agriculture, grasslands, woodlands and as bioindicators, before concluding with an overv...
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Developments in automated systems for monitoring livestock health: mastitis
Dairy farmers need on-site, real-time information regarding mastitis occurrence in order to implement appropriate management actions. Technological progress has enabled the use of sensor systems as the basis for mastitis management. In this chapter, we describe the current state of automated mast...
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Use of brackish and marginal water for irrigation in water-scarce areas
The lack of freshwater in arid and semi-arid regions makes brackish/marginal water a valuable alternative source of water for irrigation. The use of brackish water in irrigation could ensure high-yield, good quality, efficient and sustainable agricultural development if appropriate management str...
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Understanding gut microbiomes as targets for improving pig gut health
This collection summarises current research on the structure and function of the gastrointestinal tract in pigs, the factors that can influence its effectiveness, as well as the nutritional strategies that can improve gut development and optimise gut function.
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The role of crop growth models in crop improvement: integrating phenomics, envirotyping and genomic prediction
The chapter highlights the interplay of high throughput phenotyping with crop growth models (CGMs). The chapter shows how crop models can be used to explore knowledge of phenotype, environment and genotype to better understand and predict their complex interrelationships. It describes how CGMs ha...
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Composition and properties of egg white
Eggs are the most economical and abundant source of high-quality dietary protein, and are noteworthy for both their nutritional and functional properties. This chapter provides detailed information about the structure, chemical composition and functionality of egg white. Section 2 reviews the str...
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Advances in tracking sediment transport from agricultural land
The distance particles are transported is important because (i) is necessary for reconciling measurements of erosion made at different scales; (ii) it impacts on travel times of pollutants that adhere to eroded soil particles; and (iii) it is important for identifying sources of pollutants in wat...
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Advances in data security for more effective decision-making in agriculture
There are two types of precision agriculture systems – those that have been hacked, and those that will be. Connectivity and information flow are the two key enabling factors for successful operation of the digital farm. These elements also represent the most vulnerable aspects open to cyber-atta...
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Banana plant propagation methods
The ease of banana propagation by taking a sucker and simply planting it has allowed farmers to multiply their banana selections and share them. The banana sucker is a resilient form of planting material as the growing point is protected within the sucker, which contains a corm with a starchy sto...
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Rebranding and reconstructing masculinity in agriculture: an overview
This chapter provides an overview of the importance of masculinity (re)construction to the work of agricultural equity and discusses how contemporary capitalist agriculture has engaged a hegemonic agricultural masculinity in order to normalise a certain type of land use and land decision-maker to...
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Developing nutritional guidelines for pigs
Pig feeding and nutrition is a crucial aspect of pig farming, as it directly impacts growth, health, and productivity from birth to market weight. In this chapter the authors consider the key factors in the setting of nutritional guidelines, such as breed and genetic traits affecting nutrient and...
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Sustainable management of african dry forests
Dry forests constitute the bulk of the African tropical forests. They support a wealth of human, animal and plant life. They are important to climate change mitigation and adaptation, and support virtually all sectors of economies. This chapter discusses the characteristics and distribution of dr...
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The use of epigenetics in poultry breeding
Epigenetics is not a commonly used in the selection of parents to breed the next generations. That is surprising as epigenetics can influence gene function, is inherited via mitosis and/or meiosis and can occur both from the female and male lines. Epigenetics have been shown to affect gene-expres...
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Spectral mapping of soil organic carbon
This chapter first reviews recent pilot studies covering limited areas often with exposed bare soils. Then we focus on the challenges for large-scale application of spectral mapping when the soil and parent material are heterogeneous and surface conditions are unknown. In order to deal with these...
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Optimizing post-harvest practices in coffee cultivation
The objective of this chapter is to describe how coffee is processed, from picking coffee cherries to green coffee ready to be exported or roasted, and how to optimize each step in the processing chain.
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Identifying and managing plant health risks for key african crops: fruit and other tree crops
This chapter reviews control methods for the main pests affecting fruit and other tree crops. It describes the use of classical biological control for mango, papaya, cacao, coconut and citrus. Mango mealybug, Rastrococcus invadens, has been controlled with great success across West and Central Af...
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Biologically based control strategies for managing stored-product insect pests
The search for and application of less harmful and environmentally-friendly control measures against pest organisms are general trends in agriculture and insofar in stored-product protection. As a consequence, new approaches and more alternatives for conventional chemical pesticides combined with...
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Understanding the effects of light on embryo and post-hatch chick development
Targeted illumination manifested by source, spectra, intensity, brightness and regimen became major factors in modern poultry management. Light spectra affect growth in meat type birds both in ovo and post hatch. Broilers and turkeys in ovo photostimulated with green light (GL) gained significant...
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Ensuring safety and quality in the production of beef volume 2
Volume 2 reviews developments related to quality, starting with the way breeding and growth affect meat quality. The book then discusses cattle nutrition and management before concluding with an assessment of factors determining individual quality traits such as colour and flavour.
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Recent developments in multi-trait selection in dairy cattle breeding
Selection indexes, and their underlying breeding objectives, are widely used in dairy cattle breeding, and indexes tend to play an important role in selection decisions made by commercial farmers in many of the more advanced dairy industries within well developed economies. This chapter describes...
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The gut microbiota in pigs: ecology and biotherapeutics
The community of microorganisms inhabiting the intestine of mammals are referred to as the gut microbiome and are known to influence the health of their host. Despite extensive work in the last decades, we still know remarkably little about their diversity and the molecular mechanisms underlying ...
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Safe handling and movement of cocoa germplasm for breeding
Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) originated in South America, but is now cultivated in various parts of the tropics. Movement of cocoa germplasm is often required in breeding programmes to increase the genetic diversity pool or to test clones/progeny in the field. However, such movement brings with it ...
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Developing decision support systems for irrigation/water management on farms
This chapter reviews basic considerations in the development of tools to assist a decision-maker in making informed decisions and improve decision outcomes. This chapter reviews software engineering guidelines that facilitate the development of easily maintainable software tools. Water in the far...
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Advances in understanding of sugarcane plant growth and physiology
Crop yield in sugarcane is the result of how well the source leaves can supply the assimilates needed for the growth and filling of the harvestable plant. This is the source–sink relationship, which in sugarcane is still poorly understood. This chapter discusses the significant advances made in t...
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Advances in understanding and exploiting the pig genome
In recent years, pig genetics and breeding has been revolutionized by advances in genomics. This chapter outlines current developments in pig genetics and genomics including long-read sequencing, telomere-to-telomere assembly, low-pass sequencing for genomic prediction, functional genomics, fine-...
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Optimising ruminal function: the role of silage and concentrate in dairy cow nutrition to improve feed efficiency and reduce methane and nitrogen emissions
Ruminant farm animals contribute significantly to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but the emissions can be greatly reduced by nutrition. Sustainable dairy cow feeding strategy to mitigate GHG and N emissions should make the most of the unique ability of ruminants to convert local human-ine...
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Food losses and waste in the near east and north africa region
This chapter reviews the causes and prevention of food losses and waste (FLW) in the Near East and North Africa (NENA) region. It assesses current estimates of the extent of FLW and its impact on food security. The chapter also assesses what is needed to reduce FLW to improve food security in the...
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The use of exogenous enzymes to improve feed efficiency in pigs
Exogenous feed enzymes have been in commercial use in swine diets for almost 30 years. This chapter focuses on the use of three classes of enzymes: NSP’ases, phytases and proteases. We review the evidence that their use is beneficial, and suggest likely mechanisms of action based on the evidence ...
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Advances and challenges in monitoring insect pests of major field crops in the united states
This chapter will review current insect pest monitoring systems for native and invasive pest species of corn, soybean, and cotton in the U.S. We present case studies of European corn borer, corn earworm, western bean cutworm, and corn rootworm as pests of corn; soybean aphid, stink bugs, and Japa...
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Factors affecting the reproductive efficiency of boars
Efficient artificial insemination (AI) is essential for future challenges in the pig industry. Core business for AI companies worldwide is diluting semen from high fertile breeding boars, and by that inseminating many sows. Efficient use of AI boars with high genetic merit is important to maximis...
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Mitigating invasive insect species: eradication, long-term management, and the importance of sampling and monitoring
In this chapter, we introduce major concepts associated with the management of invasive insects. We then focus more deeply on eradication and long-term management, especially integrated pest management, describing common factors associated with successful programs and potential challenges of each...
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The light interception and utilisation family of crop models
There is a wide range of models in the LINTUL family of crop growth models. All are based on a simple relationship between leaf area index and light interception and the concept of light or radiation use efficiency to convert intercepted radiation into dry matter. This chapter provides an overvie...
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A lesser-known pathogen of wheat: bipolaris sorokiniana
The filamentous fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana (teleomorph Cochliobolus sativus) is a necrotrophic cereal pathogen of significant concern in the warm, nontraditional wheat cropping regions of Southern Asia. B. sorokiniana is also recognised as the predominant causative agent of the disease complex ...
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The potential of somatic embryogenesis for commercial-scale propagation of elite cacao varieties
Plant tissue culture can be used to speed up the development and deployment of genetically improved genotypes. Research conducted by multiple groups for over 25 years has led to the development of protocols for efficient somatic embryogenesis (SE) of cacao. This chapter provides a synthesis of pu...
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The simulator of crop trait assembly, management response and adaptation crop model
SAMARA was developed to study in-silico plant type (ideotype) concepts submitted to different climatic/soil environments and management practices. The originality of the model relies on (1) the integration of substantial morphological detail of plants organ cohorts (leaves, tillers, internodes), ...
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Using biological indicators to assess the health of forest soils
In this study, we define forest soil health as “the continued capacity of soil to function as a vital living ecosystem that sustains native biodiversity, ecological balances, and ecosystem services in forests.” Soil health, a cornerstone of forest ecosystem health, has seen its assessment methods...
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